Speech samples were acquired from 30 individuals carrying the mutant HIT gene (13 PreHD, 17 early stage HD) and 15 matched controls. Participants read a passage, produced a monologue and said the days of the week. Data were analysed acoustically for measures of timing, frequency and intensity. There was a clear effect of group across most acoustic measures,

so that speech performance differed in-line with disease progression. Comparisons across groups revealed significant differences between the control and the early stage HD group on measures of timing (e.g., speech rate). Participants carrying the mutant WIT gene presented Givinostat clinical trial with slower rates of speech, took longer to say words and produced greater silences between and within words compared to healthy controls. Importantly, speech this website rate showed a significant correlation to burden of disease scores. The speech of early stage HD differed significantly from controls. The speech of PreHD, although not reaching significance, tended to lie between the performance of controls and early stage HD. This suggests that changes in speech production appear to be developing prior to diagnosis. (C) 2012 Elsevier Ltd. All rights

reserved.”
“Mapping metabolic “”signatures”" can provide new insights into addictive mechanisms and potentially identify biomarkers and therapeutic targets.

We examined the differences in metabolites related to the tyrosine, tryptophan, purine, and oxidative stress pathways between cocaine-dependent subjects and healthy controls. Several Cl-amidine research buy of these metabolites serve as biological indices underlying the mechanisms of reinforcement, toxicity, and oxidative

stress.

Metabolomic analysis was performed in 18 DSM-IV-diagnosed cocaine-dependent individuals with at least 2 weeks of abstinence and ten drug-free controls. Plasma concentrations of 37 known metabolites were analyzed and compared using a liquid chromatography electrochemical array platform. Multivariate analyses were used to study the relationship between severity of drug use [Addiction Severity Index (ASI) scores] and biological measures.

Cocaine subjects showed significantly higher levels of n-methylserotonin (p < 0.0017) and guanine (p < 0.0031) and lower concentrations of hypoxanthine (p < 0.0002), anthranilate (p < 0.0024), and xanthine (p < 0.012), compared to controls. Multivariate analyses showed that a combination of n-methylserotonin and xanthine contributed to 73% of the variance in predicting the ASI scores (p < 0.0001). Logistic regression showed that a model combining n-methylserotonin, xanthine, xanthosine, and guanine differentiated cocaine and control groups with no overlap.

Overall decay-corrected radiochemical yields of purified [F-18]fluoro fatty acids were higher (MW=49.0 +/- 4.5%, CH=23.6 +/- 3.5%, P<.05) with microwave heating and side-products were notably fewer.

Conclusion: For routine synthesis of [F-18]fluoro fatty acid analogs, microwave heating is faster, milder, cleaner, less variable and higher yielding than CH and therefore the preferred reaction method. (C) 2011 Elsevier Inc. All rights

reserved.”
“The aim of this paper is to provide a new tool to classify the nucleic acid sequences. The profiles based on the values characterizing DNA sequences find more (descriptors derived from recently introduced graphical representation) are used as a basis of classification schemes related to different aspects of

similarity of the sequences. New multicomponent similarity buy OTX015 measures based on these descriptors have been defined. Each component of the new measures can be analyzed separately. The new measures are consistent with the standard ones but they contain more detailed information. In particular, it has been shown that within the new approach one can define a quantity which converges to the standard similarity measure. An application of the multicomponent similarity measure to families of histone sequences demonstrates the power and efficiency of the method. (c) 2010 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.”
“Introduction: 4-[C-11]Methylphenyl 2,4-diazabicyclo[3.2.2]nonane-2-carboxylate

([C-11]CHIBA-1001) is a newly developed positron emission tomography (PET) ligand for mapping alpha(7) nicotinic acetylcholine receptors. We investigated whole-body biodistribution and radiation dosimetry of [C-11]CHIBA-1001 in humans and compared the results with those obtained in mice.

Methods: Dynamic whole-body PET was carried out for three human subjects after administering a bolus injection of [C-11]CHIBA-1001. Emission scans were collected in two-dimensional mode over five bed positions. Regions of interest were placed over 12 organs. Radiation dosimetry was estimated from the residence times of these source organs using the OLINDA program. Biodistribution data from mice were also used for the prediction of radiation dosimetry in humans, and results with and those without accommodation of different SBI-0206965 ic50 proportions of organ-to-total-body mass were compared with the results from the human PET study.

Results: lit humans, the highest accumulation was observed in the liver, whereas in mice, the highest accumulation was observed in the urinary bladder. The estimated effective dose from the human PET study was 6.9 mu Sv/MBq, and that from mice was much underestimated.

Conclusion: Effective dose estimates for [C-11]CHIBA-1001 were compatible with those associated with other common nuclear medicine tests. Absorption doses among several organs were considerably different between the human and mouse studies.

Following 3 days of incubation with atorvastatin (10(-4), 10(-5) and 10(-6) M), transcription levels of profibrotic cytokines (transforming growth factor-beta 1, connective tissue growth factor and TIMP1)

and procollagen la were analyzed by real time PCR. Proliferation was investigated https://www.selleckchem.com/products/gsk2879552-2hcl.html by 5′-bromo-2′-deoxyuridine assays. alpha-Smooth muscle actin protein expression was examined by western blotting. Fluorescence-activated cell sorting analysis of Annexin V and propidium iodide were used to measure apoptosis. Furthermore, p21 western blotting and beta-galactosidase staining were investigated in MFB as senescence markers. Subsequently, hepatic expression of desmin and senescence markers were analyzed in the livers of rats receiving atorvastatin (15 mg/kg*d) for 1 week starting 3 and 5 weeks after BDL. Atorvastatin inhibited the activation of HSC to MFB and decreased cytokine and collagen production Z-VAD-FMK solubility dmso in MFB in vitro. In addition, proliferation, cytokine and collagen production of MFB were reduced by atorvastatin. Atorvastatin

initiated apoptosis at 10(-4) M and attenuated it at 10(-5) M. Atorvastatin induced p21 protein expression and beta-galactosidase staining of MFB in vitro and in vivo. Atorvastatin elicits similiar effects on MFB as previously seen in vivo: it decreases MFB turnover and fibrogenesis. We suggest that a further mechanism explaining these effects is senescence of cells. Laboratory Investigation (2012) 92, 1440-1450; doi:10.1038/labinvest.2012.106; published online 13 August 2012″
“Folate-dependent tRNA m(5)U methyltransferase TrmFO is a flavoprotein that catalyzes the C-5-methylation of uridine at position Metabolism inhibitor 54 in the T Psi C loop of tRNA in several bacteria. Here we report the cloning and optimization of expression in Escherichia colt BL21 (DE3) of untagged, N-terminus, C-terminus (His)(6)-tagged TrmFO from Bacillus subtilis. Tagged and untagged TrmFO were purified to homogeneity by metal affinity or ion exchange and heparin affinity, respectively, followed by size-exclusion chromatography.

The tag did not significantly alter the expression level, flavin content, activity and secondary structure of the protein. (C) 2010 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.”
“Although androgen resistance has been characterized in men with a normal chromosome complement and mutations in the androgen-receptor gene, a mutation in the gene encoding estrogen receptor a (ESR1) was previously described only in one man and not, to our knowledge, in a woman. We now describe an 18-year-old woman without breast development and with markedly elevated serum levels of estrogens and bilateral multicystic ovaries. She was found to have a homozygous loss-of-function ESR1 mutation in a completely conserved residue that interferes with estrogen signaling. Her clinical presentation was similar to that in the mouse orthologue knockout. This case shows that disruption of ESR1 causes profound estrogen resistance in women.

Conversely, selective damage in the hippocampus, MTL, and other structures of the large-scale memory system, or deterioration of these areas in several diseases and disorders, compromises episodic memory. A growing body of evidence is converging on a functional organization of the cortical, subcortical, and MTL structures that support the fundamental features of episodic memory in humans and animals. Neuropsychopharmacology click here Reviews (2010) 35, 86-104; doi:10.1038/npp.2009.126; published online 23 September

2009″
“Objective: Although mitral restrictive annuloplasty plus coronary artery bypass grafting are considered the best therapeutic strategies for ischemic cardiomyopathywith chronic mitral regurgitation, some recurrences are still reported. We evaluated predictors for late recurrence of ischemic cardiomyopathy with chronic mitral regurgitation.

Methods: Hospital outcome and serial clinical and echocardiographic (preoperative, discharge, 6 months, end of follow-up) follow-up assessments were recorded for 82 consecutive patients with ischemic cardiomyopathy with chronic mitral regurgitation having coronary artery bypass grafting+mitral restrictive annuloplasty (2 sizes ring downsizing). Recurrent ischemic cardiomyopathy with chronic mitral regurgitation was defined by grade >= 2 at echocardiography.

Results:

4SC-202 in vitro Hospital mortality was 4.9%; 17.7 +/- 1.7 (standard error) months (range 1-55) survival was 95.5% +/- 2.5%. Two-year Kaplan-Meier freedom from reintervention was 94.2% +/- 4.2%; from rerevascularization, 87.5% +/- 11.7%; fromcongestive heart failure, 83.8% +/- 5.7%; fromischemic cardiomyopathy with chronic mitral regurgitation grade >= 2, 46.5% +/- 11.2%. Recurrence of ischemic cardiomyopathy with chronic mitral regurgitation gave lower 2-year Kaplan-Meier freedomfrom death (P = . 03) and lower 2-year freedomfrom congestive heart failure (P = .0001), reintervention (P = .034), and tricuspid insufficiency (P = .0001). Ischemic Selleck BAY 1895344 cardiomyopathy with chronic mitral regurgitation recurrence

correlated with worsened New York Heart Association class (P = . 0001), left ventricular ejection fraction (P = .024), pulmonary arterial pressures (P = .0001), left ventricular end-diastolic diameter (P = .004), left ventricular end-systolic diameter (P = .014), indexed left ventricular mass (P = .008), and coaptation depth (P = .0001). Independent predictors for recurrent ischemic cardiomyopathy with chronic mitral regurgitation were previous anterior+posterior myocardial infarction (odds ratio 3.70; confidence interval 2.93-5.41; P = .001), preoperative left ventricular end-diastolic diameter >= 70 mm (odds ratio 3.91; confidence interval 2.65-5.22; P = .001), and coaptation depth at discharge >= 0.5 cm (odds ratio 11.9; confidence interval 5.91-21.34; P = .0001).

Methods: United Network for Organ Sharing provided deidentified patient-level data. The study population included 8780 adult recipients (age > 12

years) having lung transplantation from January 1, 1999, to December 31, 2006. Multivariate logistic regression ( backward, P >. 10) was performed. Using the odds ratio for each PD0332991 nmr identified variable, an RSS was devised. The RSS included only pretransplant recipient variables and excluded donor variables.

Results: The strongest negative predictors of 1-year survival included extracorporeal membrane oxygenation, decreased estimated glomerular filtration rate, total bilirubin >2.0 mg/dL, recipient age, hospitalization at time of transplant, O(2) dependence, cardiac index <2, steroid dependence, donor: recipient weight ratio <0.7, all non-cystic fibrosis/chronic obstructive pulmonary disease etiologies, and female donor-to-male recipient. Threshold analysis identified 4 discrete groups: low risk, moderate, elevated risk, and high risk. The 1-year actuarial survival was 80.4% for the entire group, compared with 56.8% in the high-risk group (RSS > 7.2, n = 490; 6%).

Conclusion:

Pretransplant recipient variables significantly influence both early and late survival following lung transplantation. Some patients face a higher than average risk of mortality during their first year posttransplant, which challenges the goals

of equitable organ allocation. RSS may improve organ find more Cyclosporin A solubility dmso allocation strategies by avoiding the potential negative impact of performing transplantation in extremely high-risk candidates.”
“Alzheimer’s disease (AD) is a neurodegenerative disorder characterized clinically by cognitive impairments that progress to dementia and death. The earliest symptoms of AD present as a relatively pure deficit in memory retrieval. Therefore, drug treatments that intervene in the early stages of AD by rescuing memory deficits could be promising therapies to slow, or even reverse progression of the disease. In this study, we tested the potential of systemic histone deacetylase inhibitor (HDACi) treatment to rescue cognitive deficits in a mouse model of AD. APPswe/PS1dE9 mice showed pronounced contextual memory impairments beginning at 6 months of age. Chronic HDACi injections (2-3 weeks) did not alter contextual memory formation in normal mice, but had profound effects in transgenic animals. Injections of sodium valproate, sodium butyrate, or vorinostat (suberoylanilide hydroxamic acid; Zolinzas (R)) completely restored contextual memory in these mutant mice. Further behavioral testing of the HDACi-treated transgenic mice showed that the newly consolidated memories were stably maintained over a 2-week period.

8%) had primary adrenal lesions, including 4 with bilateral adrenal lesions and 4 with multiple nodules. Two patients had adrenocorticotropic hormone independent hypercortisolism. A total of 27

adrenal lesions were evaluated. The imaging characteristics of 5 of these lesions (18.5%) were not consistent with adenoma by noncontrast computerized tomography criteria. Positron emission tomography was positive in 7 of 10 cases (70%). A total of 12 nodules were surgically PD173074 in vivo resected from 10 adrenal glands. Pathological examination revealed macronodular adrenal hyperplasia in all specimens.

Conclusions: Unilateral and bilateral adrenal nodular hyperplasia was detected in a subset of patients with hereditary leiomyomatosis and renal cell carcinoma. A functional endocrine evaluation is recommended when an adrenal lesion is discovered. Imaging frequently reveals lesions that are not typical of adenomas and positron emission tomography

may be positive. To date no patient has had adrenal malignancy, and active surveillance of hereditary leiomyomatosis and renal cell carcinoma adrenal nodules appears justified.”
“Current cognitive approaches postulate that obsessions and compulsions are caused and/or maintained by misinterpretations AG-014699 chemical structure about their meaning. This assumption has led to the development of cognitive therapeutic (CT) procedures designed to challenge the dysfunctional appraisals and beliefs patients have about their obsessions. Nonetheless, few studies have compared the efficacy of individual and group CT in changing the dysfunctional cognitions that hypothetically underlie Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder (OCD). In this study. 44 OCD patients were assigned

to individual (n = 18) or group (n = 24) CT. Sixteen completed the individual CT, and 22 completed the group CT. The effects of the two CT conditions on depression and worry tendencies were comparable. Individual treatment was more effective than group treatment in decreasing scores on dysfunctional beliefs (responsibility, overestimation of threat. and intolerance to uncertainty) and the use of suppression as a thought Bcl-w control strategy. The post-treatment changes were maintained one year later. The correlations between symptom improvement (OCD severity change) and belief changes were moderate: in the individual treatment the greatest associations were with beliefs about thoughts (importance and control), whereas in the group treatment the greatest associations were with beliefs related to anxiety in general (threat overestimation and intolerance to uncertainty). (C) 2010 Elsevier Ireland Ltd. All rights reserved.”
“Purpose: We determined the role of tumor enhancement on dynamic enhanced computerized tomography for differentiating pathological characteristics.

Materials and Methods: A total of 149 patients with renal tumor underwent dynamic enhanced computerized tomography at our university from June 2007 to November 2011. Tumors were treated surgically and pathological evaluation was done.

This tendency remained from days 5 through 14. Development of Na+ transport in epithelial cells of the Reissner’s membrane may contribute considerably to the accomplishment of low Na+ concentration in the endolymph during early neonatal period. NeuroReport 20:1275-1278 (C) 2009 Wolters Kluwer Health vertical bar Lippincott Williams & Wilkins.”
“Bamboo mosaic virus (BaMV) is a 6.4-kb positive-sense RNA virus belonging to the genus Potexvirus of the family Flexiviridae. The 155-kDa viral check details replicase, the product of ORF1, comprises an N-terminal S-adenosyl-L-methionine (AdoMet)-dependent guanylyltransferase,

a nucleoside triphosphatase/RNA 5′-triphosphatase, and a C-terminal RNA-dependent RNA polymerase (RdRp). To search for cellular factors potentially involved in the regulation of replication and/or transcription of BaMV, the viral RdRp domain was targeted as bait to screen against a leaf cDNA library of Nicotiana benthamiana using a yeast two-hybrid system. A putative methyltransferase (PNbMTS1) of 617 amino acid residues without an established physiological function was identified. Cotransfection

of N. benthamiana protoplasts with a BaMV infectious clone and the PNbMTS1-expressing plasmid showed a PNbMTS1 dosage-dependent inhibitory effect on the accumulation of BaMV coat protein. Deletion of the N-terminal 36 amino acids, deletion Birinapant purchase of a predicted signal peptide or transmembrane segment, or mutations in the putative Selleck SC75741 AdoMet-binding motifs of PNbMTS1 abolished the inhibitory effect. In contrast, suppression of PNbMTS1 by virus-induced gene silencing in N. benthamiana increased accumulation of the viral coat protein as well as the viral genomic RNA. Collectively, PNbMTS1 may function as an innate defense protein against the accumulation of BaMV through an uncharacterized mechanism.”
“Neurogenesis persists in certain adult brain regions including the dentate gyrus. Recent studies have shown that long-term potentiation (LTP) induction in the afferent pathway enhances

adult neurogenesis in the dentate gyrus. Here, we investigated whether long-term depression (LTD) induction also affects adult neurogenesis. We induced LTD in the dentate gyrus in one hemisphere and compared the amount of progenitor proliferation with that in the other hemisphere. Unlike LTP induction, LTD induction per se did not affect progenitor cell proliferation in the dentate gyrus. However, when LTD was induced a day before LTP induction, neuronal progenitor cell proliferation facilitated by LTP induction was markedly blunted. These results show that two forms of synaptic plasticity, LTP and LTD, differentially influence hippocampal adult neurogenesis. NeuroReport 20:1279-1283 (C) 2009 Wolters Kluwer Health vertical bar Lippincott Williams & Wilkins.

However, paraquat did not alter acetylation of another core histone H4. Paraquat-induced histone acetylation was associated with decreased total histone deacetylase (HDAC) activity and HDAC4 and 7 protein expression levels. To determine

if histone acetylation plays a role in paraquat-induced apoptosis, the novel HAT inhibitor anacardic acid was used. Anacardic acid treatment significantly attenuated paraquat-induced caspase-3 enzyme activity, suppressed proteolytic activation and kinase activity of protein kinase C delta (PKC delta) and also blocked paraquat-induced cytotoxicity. Together, these results demonstrate that the neurotoxic agent paraquat induced acetylation of core histones in Palbociclib in vitro cell culture models of PD and that the inhibition of HAT activity by anacardic acid protects against

apoptotic cell death, indicating that histone acetylation may represent key epigenetic changes in dopaminergic neuronal cells during neurotoxic insults. (C) 2011 Published by Elsevier Inc.”
“Human cytomegalovirus (HCMV) encodes multiple G protein-coupled receptor (GPCR) homologues, Proteases inhibitor including pUS27, pUS28, pUL33, and pUL78. To explore the function of pUS27, we constructed pUS27-deficient derivates of two clinical isolates of HCMV. BFX-GFPstopUS27 is a FIX variant with a single base pair change in the US27 open reading frame, generating a stop codon that ablates accumulation

of the GPCR homologue, and TB40/E-mCherrydlUS27 lacks the entire US27 coding region. BFX-GFPstopUS27 generated 10-fold less extracellular progeny in fibroblasts, and TB40/E-mCherrydlUS27 exhibited a similar defect in endothelial cells. The pUS27-deficient FIX this website derivative produced normal quantities of viral DNA and viral proteins tested, and a late virion protein was appropriately localized to the cytoplasmic assembly zone. After infection at a low multiplicity with wild-type FIX virus, neutralizing antibody reduced the accumulation of intracellular viral DNA and intracellular virions, as would be expected if the virus is limited to direct cell-to-cell spread by neutralization of extracellular virus. In contrast, the antibody had little effect on the spread of the BFX-GFPstopUS27 virus. Further, after infection at a low multiplicity, the pUS27-deficient TB40/E virus exhibited a growth defect in endothelial cells, where the clinical isolate normally generates extracellular virus, but the TB40/E derivative exhibited little defect in epithelial cells, where the wild-type virus does not produce extracellular virus. Thus, mutants lacking pUS27 rely primarily on direct cell-to-cell spread, and we conclude that the viral GCPR homologue acts at a late stage of the HCMV replication cycle to support spread of virus by the extracellular route.

In MDD, connectivity decreased with severity of depressive symptoms (HAMD total score).

These findings suggest that increased medial prefrontal (BA10) activation and BA10-amygdala connectivity may counteract the risk for MDD in healthy carriers of 5-HTT

low-expression alleles, while this protective factor might be lost in patients who actually suffer from MDD. Prefrontal-limbic regulation in risk populations could be a target of early interventions and should be the focus of further research.”
“Orthopoxviruses include the prototypical vaccinia virus, the emerging infectious LY2874455 in vivo agent monkeypox virus, and the potential bio-threat variola virus (the causative agent of smallpox). There is currently no FDA-approved drug for humans infected with orthopoxviruses.

We screened a diversity-oriented synthesis library for new scaffolds with activity against vaccinia virus. This screen identified a nonnucleoside analog that blocked postreplicative intermediate and late gene expression. Viral genome replication was unaffected, and inhibition could be elicited late in infection and persisted upon drug removal. Sequencing of drug-resistant viruses revealed mutations predicted to be on the periphery of the highly conserved viral RNA polymerase large subunit. Consistent with this, the compound had broad-spectrum activity against orthopoxviruses in vitro. These findings indicate that novel chemical synthesis approaches are a potential source for new infectious disease therapeutics and identify GSK1120212 purchase a potentially promising candidate for development to treat orthopoxvirus-infected individuals.”
“The stop-signal paradigm measures the ability to stop a motor response after its execution has been initiated. Impairments in inhibiting inappropriate behavior and prolonged stop-signal reaction times (SSRTs) are characteristic of several psychiatric disorders, most notably attention deficit/hyperactivity disorder. While there is relative consensus regarding the anatomical substrates of behavioral inhibition, the neurochemical imbalance

responsible selleck chemicals llc for the deficits in stopping displayed by impulsive individuals is still a matter of debate.

The aim of this study was to investigate the effects of manipulating brain monoamine levels on stop task parameters.

Lister-hooded rats were trained on the rodent version of the stop-signal task and administered different monoamine transporter inhibitors: citalopram, which selectively blocks the serotonin transporter; atomoxetine, which selectively blocks the noradrenaline transporter; and GBR-12909, which selectively blocks the dopamine transporter (DAT), and the alpha-2 adrenergic agonist guanfacine.

Atomoxetine speeded SSRT and increased accuracy for go-trials. Citalopram slowed go reaction time and decreased go accuracy at the highest dose (1 mg/kg).

In isolated human aortic valve interstitial cells, our purpose was to determine the effect of irradiation on the production of osteogenic factors: (1) bone morphogenetic protein 2, (2) osteopontin, (3)

alkaline phosphatase, and (4) the transcription factor Runx2.

Methods: Human aortic valve interstitial cells were isolated from normal aortic valves obtained from explanted hearts of patients undergoing cardiac transplantation (n = 4) and were grown in culture. The cells were grown to confluence, irradiated with 10 Gy using a cesium-137 irradiator, and then lysed 24 hours after irradiation. Cell lysates were analyzed via immunoblot and densitometry for bone morphogenetic protein 2, osteopontin, alkaline phosphatase, and Runx2. Statistical analysis was performed using analysis of variance, with P<.05 indicating significance.

Results: Irradiation induced an osteogenic phenotype in human aortic valve this website interstitial cells. Irradiation induced a 2-fold

increase in bone morphogenetic protein 2, a 7-fold increase in osteopontin, a 3-fold increase in alkaline phosphatase, and a 2-fold increase in Runx2.

Conclusions: Radiation induces an osteogenic phenotype in human aortic valve interstitial cells. The irradiated cells had a significantly increased expression of the osteogenic factors bone morphogenetic protein 2, osteopontin, alkaline phosphatase, Torin 2 mouse and Runx2. These data offer mechanistic insight into the pathogenesis of radiation-induced valvular heart disease. (J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg 2012;144:1466-70)”
“Glycosidases, the enzymes responsible in nature for the catabolism of carbohydrates, are well-studied catalysts widely used in industrial biotransformations and oligosaccharide synthesis, selleck kinase inhibitor which are also attractive targets for drug development.

Glycosidases from hyperthermophilic organisms (thriving at temperatures > 85 degrees C) are also interesting models to understand the molecular basis of protein stability and to produce robust tools for industrial applications. Here, we review the results obtained in the last two decades by our group on a beta-glycosidase from the hyperthermophilic Archaeon Sulfolobus solfataricus. Our findings will be presented in the general context of the stability of proteins from hyperthermophiles and of the chemo-enzymatic synthesis of oligosaccharides.”
“Objective: A better understanding of the response of the spinal cord blood supply to segmental artery (SA) sacrifice should help minimize the risk of paraplegia after both open and endovascular repair of thoracoabdominal aortic (TAA) aneurysms.

Methods: Twelve female juvenile Yorkshire pigs were randomized into 3 groups and perfused with a barium-latex solution. Pigs in group 1 (control) had infusion without previous intervention. Pigs in group 2 were infused 48 hours after ligation of all SAs (T4-L5) and those in group 3 at 120 hours after ligation.