The total phenol content estimated by Folin-Ciocalteau assay and expressed as gallic acid equivalent per gram of dried fraction, was 102.54 +/- 2.10mg phenols per gram dry residue. The flavonoid content, investigated by AlCl3 reagent, was 23.49 +/- 0.90mg flavonoids gram dry residue. The methanol extract has been evaluated for antioxidant (DPPH and TEAC assays)

and cytotoxic (SRB assay) properties. In the DPPH radical scavenging assay, the IC50 was 360 mu gmL(-1). In the total antioxidant activity, Sonidegib calculated by the Trolox equivalent antioxidant activity (TEAC, mgg(-1) of dried fraction), the extract showed a high antioxidant capacity (TEAC value of 0.59 +/- 0.02mgg(-1)). The cytotoxic activity of the extract against a human adenocarcinoma cell line HT-29 presented an IC50=69.47 +/- 4.64 mu gmL(-1).”
“Using scanning tunneling spectroscopy and microscopy, the local density of electronic states was correlated with the topography of Fe on MgO and MgO on Fe. The growth mode of Fe on MgO is by island formation that leads to an electronically inhomogeneous surface. Fe (100) surface states were observed on flat terraces that diminish at the step edges, Selleck LCL161 while bandgaps were observed in some deep trenches that separate the islands. MgO on Fe(100), on the other hand, grows by the simpler layer-by-layer mode. The electronic states evolved as a function of thickness from less than one

to several monolayers. The bulklike MgO behavior with more than 6 V bandgap was found for the thickest films (similar to 1 nm). However, the spectra for very thin MgO depended upon whether it was measured on top of Fe atoms or on the MgO grains. At one monolayer, the measured CT99021 density of states was different from either very thick or very thin MgO, which suggests the possibility of an interfacial layer that is distinct

from the Fe (100) and MgO (100) surfaces. The observed local inhomogeneity may account for the reduced tunneling magnetoresistance of these systems. (C) 2009 American Institute of Physics. [DOI: 10.1063/1.3070638]“
“The lichen Pseudocyphellaria coriifolia is a species endemic to southern South America. From the lichen thallus, methyl evernate, tenuiorin and three hopane triterpenoids were isolated and identified as the main lichen constituents. Their trypanocidal effects were screened against epimastigotes of Trypanosoma cruzi. The results of the biological test showed that some hopane terpenoids exhibit antiparasitic properties.”
“We used streptavidin-coated magnetic particles (Dynabeads (R) M-280) for an immunochromatographic test, instead of colloidal gold particles, which was widely used in a conventional technique. The concentration of magnetic particles in a membrane was quantitatively analyzed by using a giant magnetoresistance (GMR) sensor with a sensitivity of 0.17%/Oe.

Design-3 controlled trials.

Animals-Crossbred

feedlot cattle (trial 1, n = 184; trial 2, 138; trial 3, 138).

Procedures-Weaned calves were or were not vaccinated against BVDV at feedlot arrival (trial 1) or 2 (trial 2) or 3 (trial 3) weeks before feedlot arrival. During trial 1, half of the calves selleck chemicals were commingled with PI cattle throughout the feeding period. During trial 2, 63 calves were exposed to PI cattle before weaning and all calves were exposed to PI cattle throughout the feeding period. During trial 3, all study calves were exposed to PI cattle throughout the feeding period. Morbidity and mortality rates and average daily gain (ADG) data were analyzed.

Results-During trial 1, calves maintained with PI cattle JQ-EZ-05 solubility dmso had a higher morbidity rate regardless of BVDV vaccination than did calves not exposed to PI cattle; however, for calves maintained with PI cattle, the morbidity rate for those vaccinated against BVDV was less than that for those not vaccinated against BVDV. During trial 2, calves exposed to PI cattle before weaning or vaccinated against BVDV had lower morbidity and mortality rates and increased ADG, compared with those for calves not exposed to PI cattle before weaning or vaccinated against BVDV. During trial 3, health and performance did not vary

between calves that were and were not vaccinated against BVDV.

Conclusions and Clinical Relevance-Exposure of cattle to BVDV naturally or through vaccination before or at feedlot arrival mitigated the negative effects of constant exposure to PI cattle.”
“The plastid ndh genes encode components of the thylakoid Ndh complex which purportedly acts as an electron feeding valve to adjust the redox level of the cyclic photosynthetic electron transporters. During the process of evolution from endosymbiosis to modern chloroplast, most cyanobacterial genes were lost or transferred

to nucleus. Eleven ndh genes are among the 150-200 genes remaining in higher plant chloroplast DNA, out of some 3000 genes in the original prokaryotic Cyanobacteria in which homologues to ndh genes encode components check details of the respiratory Complex I and probably other complexes. The ndh genes are absent in all sequenced plastid DNAs of algae except for the Charophyceae and some Prasinophyceae. With the possible exclusion of some Conifers and Gnetales, the plastid DNA of all photosynthetic land plants contains the ndh genes, whereas they are absent in epiphytic plants that have also lost genes for the photosynthetic machinery. Therefore, the functional role of the ndh genes seems closely related to the land adaptation of photosynthesis. Transcripts of several plastid genes require C to U editing. The ndh genes concentrate about 50% of the editing sites of angiosperm plastid transcripts.

7-14.0 mg/kg per d). Five patients developed self-injurious and violent behaviors. Two patients developed severe insomnia. The most affected patient was a 6-year-old boy whose mood and affect became extremely volatile. He also experienced threatening visual and

auditory hallucinations and insomnia. All 9 patients had dramatic improvement and/or resolution of the adverse neurobehavioral AZD8186 purchase effects following discontinuation or reduction of lamotrigine. Reversible, severe neurobehavioral disturbances associated with lamotrigine therapy have not been reported in the literature. While idiosyncratic and uncommon, this is a potentially significant, clinical side effect. Further studies are necessary to clarify the population at risk.”
“Viral infections of the pediatric central nervous system (CNS) encompass a broad spectrum of both perinatally and postnatally acquired diseases with potentially devastating effects on the developing brain. In children, viral infections have been associated with chronic encephalopathy, encephalitis, demyelinating disease, tumors, and epilepsy. Older diagnostic techniques of biopsy, viral culture, electron microscopy, gel-based polymerase chain reaction (PCR), and viral titer quantification are being replaced with more rapid, sensitive, and specific real-time and microarray-based PCR technologies. Advances in neuroimaging technologies have provided

for earlier recognition of CNS injury without elucidation of specific viral etiology. Although the mainstay therapy of many pediatric neurovirologic diseases, learn more aside from HIV, includes intravenous acyclovir, much work is being done to develop novel antiviral immunotherapies aimed at both treating and preventing pediatric CNS viral disease.”
“Flavonoids are low molecular weight secondary plant metabolites with a myriad of

functions. As flavonoids affect auxin transport (an important growth-controlling hormone) and are biologically active in eukaryotes, flavonoid mutants were expected to have undescribed architectural phenotypes. The Arabidopsis thaliana transparent testa (tt) mutants are compromised in the enzymatic steps or transcriptional regulators affecting flavonoid synthesis. tt mutant seedlings were grown on hard-slanted see more agar (a stress condition), under varying light conditions, and in soil to examine the resulting growth patterns. These tt mutants revealed a wide variety of architectural phenotypes in root and aerial tissues. Mutants with increased inflorescences, siliques, and lateral root density or reduced stature are traits that could affect plant yield or performance under certain environmental conditions. The regulatory genes affected in architectural traits may provide useful molecular targets for examination in other plants.”
“Pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma is known as one of the most fatal malignant diseases in gastrointestinal system.

“
“The first IGRA patents were issued in 1987. Rothel (1992) demonstrated rapid IFN-gamma response at 4 h culture. Region of difference 1 (RD1) antigens were discovered by Andersen in 1996. The Rapid Elispot was developed and announced by Lalvani in 1996. After development, the first diagnostic use in humans was in 1998 and 1999 (Mustafa, Ravin, Johnson, Demissie, etc.). The CD4 inclusive Elispot IGRA

was developed in 2000 (Pathan, Lalvani). The FDA approved the first IGRA for testing in humans in 2002, and the RD1 IGRAs in 2004 (QFT-Gold),2007 (QFT-In-Tube) and 2008 (T-Spot). The high specificity for IGRAs is likely the most important of QFT’s benefits over the TST. Without high specificity, treating LTBI is a low reward activity. Poor specificity of the TST has led to over-treatment in the

USA, LTBI neglect in many other industrialized countries, 3-Methyladenine price and misconceptions about the nature of TB infection, IGRA specificity allows us to re-assess some TB dogmas: are one third of the world’s population truly infected with TB or are they simply TST-positive? Do 10% of infected people (TST-positive) later develop active TB? What about the dogma that a >15 mm TST check details response always indicates true infection? Should ‘Once infected, always infected’ (if not treated) be ‘Once TST-positive, always TST-positive’ (usually)? With a highly specific test, many of these dogmas are likely to be disproved. But the IGRA tests are not perfect, and clinicians still

need to make the final AG-014699 ic50 diagnosis based on all the evidence. In time, there will be newer IGRA versions from Cellestis, and presumably others, with both higher efficacy and perhaps ease of use. But the IGRAs of today are clearly a major advance over the TST.”
“Objective: To determine the incidence and risk factors for maternal morbidity during childbirth hospitalization. Methods: Maternal morbidities were determined using ICD9-CM and vital records codes from linked hospital discharge and vital records data for 1,572,909 singleton births in California during 2005-2007. Socio-demographic, obstetric and hospital volume risk factors were estimated using mixed effects logistic regression models. Results: The maternal morbidity rate was 241/1000 births. The most common morbidities were episiotomy, pelvic trauma, maternal infection, postpartum hemorrhage and severe laceration. Preeclampsia (adjusted odds ratio [AOR]: 2.96; 95% confidence interval 2.8,3.13), maternal age over 35 years, (AOR: 1.92; 1.79,2.06), vaginal birth after cesarean, (AOR: 1.81; 1.47,2.23) and repeat cesarean birth (AOR: 1.99; 1.87,2.12) conferred the highest odds of severe morbidity. Non-white women were more likely to suffer morbidity. Conclusions: Nearly one in four California women experienced complications during childbirth hospitalization. Significant health disparities in maternal childbirth outcomes persist in the USA.

0001). No significant differences in complications were noticed between the three groups. Efficacy of combining POL and laser proved safe and satisfactory in 96 % of patients using low-fluence laser pulses with a total cumulative energy in the 3 cm venous segment, lower than that of conventional treatment. Very few and transient complications were observed. POL foam injection followed by laser

pulses is safe and efficient for vein treatment in dark-skinned patients.”
“It is a widely held view that drug response genes have not proved as useful in clinical practice as anticipated SN-38 mouse at the start of the genomic era. An exception is in the treatment for chronic hepatitis C virus (HCV) genotype 1 infection with pegylated interferon a and ribavirin. In 2009, four independent genome-wide analyses identified IL28B polymorphisms that predict drug response in chronic hepatitis C (CHC). This discovery had immediate clinical impact. First, the IL28B genotype could be used to personalize

therapy. In the 2 years since discovery, most of the more than 100,000 CHC patients commencing therapy for CHC in the West will have considered IL28B genotype testing. Second, the discovery has supported clinical trials for the use of the protein encoded by the gene known as interferon lambda. Third, it is expected that new insights into HCV pathogenesis will follow from studies of how IL28B affects HCV viral clearance and, ultimately, this will lead to new therapeutic Oligomycin A datasheet strategies for CHC. This review discusses how IL28B genotyping is now used in personalizing therapy and, with the dramatically changing clinical landscape in CHC, with the advent of direct-acting antivirals, the prospects ahead.”
“The present study was carried out to evaluate the antioxidant capacity of the aerial parts of ethanol crude extracts and their four solvent fractions (hexane (HF), ethyl Selleck ACY-738 acetate (EAF),

butanol (BuOHF), and aqueous (WF)) of three selected Algerian Lamiaceae: Calamintha clinopodium, Teucrium flavum and Thymus algeriensis. The extracts of the three Lamiaceae were evaluated for their total phenols, flavonoids, flavonols content and antioxidant activity (reducing power, total antioxidant capacity, DPPH radical and hydrogen peroxide scavenging effect). WF of T. algeriensis was the most effective fraction with 75.13 mg ascorbic acid equivalent (AscA E)/g of powder for reducing power, and 218.37 mg(AscA E)/g of powder for total antioxidant activity. It also showed the highest DPPH and hydrogen peroxide scavenging capacities with IC50 values of 0.01 and 0.08 mg/mL, respectively. Moreover, WF of T. algeriensis exhibited higher total phenolic content (99.21 mg gallic acid equivalent (GAE)/g of powder). Aqueous fraction of T. algeriensis has a strong ability to act as antioxidant, and may be considered as a natural source of active compounds. (C) 2013 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.”
“Introduction: The vast majority of infants in published studies regarding laryngomalacia are Caucasian.

In planta bimolecular fluorescence complementation (BiFC) demonstrated that the G6PD4-G6PD1 interaction results in peroxisomal import. BiFC also confirmed the interaction of Trx(m2) with G6PD4 (or G6PD1) in plastids, but co-expression analyses revealed Trx(m2)-mediated retention of medial G6PD4 (but not G6PD1) this website reporter fusions in the cytosol that was stabilized by CxxC113S exchange in Trx(m2). Based on preliminary findings with plastid-predicted rice G6PD isoforms, we

dismiss Arabidopsis G6PD4 as non-functional. G6PD4 orthologs (new P0 class) apparently evolved to become cytosolic redox switches that confer thioredoxin-relayed alternative targeting to peroxisomes.”
“Microarray technology is becoming a powerful tool for clinical diagnosis, as it has potential to discover gene expression patterns that are characteristic for a particular disease. To date, this possibility has received much attention in the context of cancer research, especially in tumor classification. However, most

published articles have concentrated on the development of binary classification methods while neglected ubiquitous multiclass problems. Unfortunately, only a few multiclass classification approaches have had poor predictive accuracy. In an effort to improve classification accuracy, we developed a novel multiclass microarray data classification method. Selleckchem AICAR First, we applied a “”one versus rest-support vector machine”" to classify the samples. Then the classification confidence of each testing sample was evaluated according to its distribution in feature space and some with poor confidence were extracted. Next, a novel strategy, which

we named as “”class priority estimation method based on centroid distance”", was used to make decisions about categories for those poor confidence samples. This approach was tested STAT inhibitor on seven benchmark multiclass microarray datasets, with encouraging results, demonstrating effectiveness and feasibility.”
“We compared the scores on self-management and associated psychosocial scales of patients with epilepsy at two clinics in Houston, TX, USA, to determine if there were systematic differences associated with socioeconomic status (SES). Patients of low SES reported higher scores on overall, information, and safety management (P<0.03) and no differences on medication, seizure, and lifestyle management. The two groups were similar with respect to the pattern of high and low scores. Reported levels of self-efficacy, depression, social support, stigma, desire for control, and outcome expectations were higher for those of high SES (P<0.01). Knowledge of epilepsy and satisfaction with care were lower (P<0.01). Again, the patterns of high and low scores were similar.

“
“Aims: To evaluate models

predicting short survival in patients with brain metastases treated with whole-brain radiotherapy (WBRT).

Materials and methods: This was a retrospective analysis of 312 patients. Each patient was assigned to three different four-tiered prognostic scores: the Basic Score for Brain Metastases (BSBM), the Graded Prognostic Assessment (GPA) and the score developed by Rades et al. In addition, a ‘triple-negative’ cohort was evaluated (all three scores predicted unfavourable prognosis, n = 30).

Results: No statistically significant survival differences were found between the most unfavourable BSBM, GPA, Races et al. and ‘triple-negative’ groups. The BSBM best predicted short survival: patients classified in the unfavourable group (Karnofsky performance status <80, uncontrolled primary turnout and presence of extracranial metastases) had a 12.5% survival AC220 at 4 months and a 0% 1-year JQ-EZ-05 survival. Patients in this group who survived for 4 months or more had simultaneously detected

cancer and brain metastases, were treatment naive, and received systemic therapy in addition to WBRT. Excluding this type of patient from the analysis resulted in survival figures that were indistinguishable from those obtained with best supportive care without WBRT in other studies.

Conclusions: Although continuous research is necessary to identify patients who can be managed safely and palliated without WBRT, we feel that a model of the BSBM unfavourable group (Karnofsky performance status <80,

uncontrolled primary turnout and presence of extracranial metastases) and no intent to treat systemically might form a basis for validation in other large databases. The triple-negativity criterion was not superior for predicting poor prognosis. (C) 2009 The Royal College of Radiologists. Published by Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.”
“For more than a decade, flow cytometry-based automated haematology analysers have been studied for malaria diagnosis. Although current haematology analysers are not specifically designed to detect malaria-related abnormalities, most studies have found JPH203 nmr sensitivities that comply with WHO malaria-diagnostic guidelines, i.e. >= 95% in samples with > 100 parasites/mu l. Establishing a correct and early malaria diagnosis is a prerequisite for an adequate treatment and to minimizing adverse outcomes. Expert light microscopy remains the ‘gold standard’ for malaria diagnosis in most clinical settings. However, it requires an explicit request from clinicians and has variable accuracy. Malaria diagnosis with flow cytometry-based haematology analysers could become an important adjuvant diagnostic tool in the routine laboratory work-up of febrile patients in or returning from malaria-endemic regions. Haematology analysers so far studied for malaria diagnosis are the Cell-Dyn (R), Coulter (R) GEN-S and LH 750, and the Sysmex XE-2100 (R) analysers.

71, for the cervix the Kendall’s tau-b was 0.88, for the posterior fornix/vaginal cuff the Kendall’s tau-b was 0.85.

There is substantial association between the POPQ and a simplified version of the POPQ.”
“Study Design. In all, 4 cases of the coexistence of congenital spinal deformity (CSD) and ankylosing spondylitis (AS)

were reviewed.

Objective. To provide an insight into the unusual association between CSD and AS.

Summary of Background Data. CSD combined with musculoskeletal anomalies, including clubfeet, Sprengel deformity, Klippel-Feil syndrome, and developmental dysplasia of the hip, has been described in the literature. Additionally, the rare coexistence between AS and other inflammatory LCL161 joint diseases, such as systemic lupus erythematosus, mixed connective tissue disease, or Behcet disease, has also been reported. However, to the authors’ knowledge, the coexistence

of CSD and AS has not been described in the literature.

Methods. In all, 4 patients presented with symptoms of lower back pain for at least 1 year. Among them, 3 patients (cases 1, 2, and 3) were initially diagnosed as CSD, and classified as butterfly vertebra in 2 patients (case 1, case 3), incarcerated hemivertebra in 1 patient (case 2). Furthermore, Buparlisib solubility dmso a diagnosis of coexistence of CSD and AS was proposed in these 3 cases with a delay in the diagnosis of AS for 1 to 10 years. The fourth patient sought initial medical attention in our hospital without delay in diagnosis. In case 1, polysegmental Smith-Petersen osteotomy and transpedicular fixation were performed, and drugs were administrated. Case 2, case 3, and case 4 were treated with amethopterin, folic acid, salicylazosulfapyridine,

and celecoxib.

Results. At the latest follow-up, 4 patients had no back pain and were satisfied with the outcome.

Conclusion. The coexistence of CSD and AS is very rare. However, it is necessary to consider the diagnosis of this website AS in CSD patients who present with symptoms such as inflammatory low back pain, morning stiffness, loss of global sagittal balance, and other clinical features can not be exclusively explained by CSD solely.”
“The treatment options available for the management of stage I seminoma consist of either a surveillance strategy or adjuvant therapy after orchidectomy. A systematic review was undertaken to identify the optimal management strategy.

The MEDLINE and EMBASE databases, in addition to the American Society of Clinical Oncology Meeting Proceedings, were searched for the period 1981 to May 2007. Studies were eligible for inclusion if they discussed at least one of survival, recurrence, second malignancy, cardiac toxicity, or quality of life for patients with stage I seminoma. A search update was carried out in June 2009.

The criterion for domain formation in GaN systems becomes n(0)(2)L >= 10(20) cm(-3), where n(0) is the areal density of electrons and L is the sample length. As far as growth rate is concerned, the restriction to the lowest sub-band represents a worst-case scenario. (C) 2011 American Institute of Physics. [doi: 10.1063/1.3638050]“
“Calcium-binding tyrosine phosphorylation-regulated protein (CABYR) is a highly polymorphic calcium-binding tyrosine-and serine-/threonine-phosphorylated

fibrous LY2835219 mw sheath (FS) protein involved in capacitation. A putative domain (amino acids 12-48) homologous to the regulatory subunit of type II cAMP-dependent protein kinase A (RII) dimerisation and A kinase-anchoring protein (AKAP)-binding domains of protein kinase A at the N-terminus suggests that CABYR may self-assemble and bind to AKAPs. Moreover, there is evidence that CABYR has limited interaction with AKAPs. However, further evidence and new relationships between CABYR and other FS proteins, including AKAPs, will be helpful in understanding the basic physiology of FS. In this study, a new strategy for co-immunoprecipitation of insoluble proteins, as well as the standard co-immunoprecipitation

method in combination with mass spectrometry and western blot, was employed to explore the relationship between CABYR, AKAP3 and Ropporin. The results showed that AKAP3 was co-immunoprecipitated with CABYR by the anti-CABYR-A polyclonal antibody, and, conversely, CABYR was also co-immunoprecipitated with AKAP3 by the anti-AKAP3 polyclonal antibody. Another

RII-like domain containing protein, Ropporin, was also co-immunoprecipitated Napabucasin in vitro with CABYR, indicating that Ropporin is one of CABYR’s binding partners. The interactions between CABYR, AKAP3 and Ropporin were confirmed by yeast two-hybrid assays. Further analysis showed that CABYR not only binds to AKAP3 by its RII domain but binds to Ropporin through other regions besides the RII-like domain. This is the first demonstration that CABYR variants form a complex not only with the scaffolding protein AKAP3 but also with another RII-like domain-containing protein in the human sperm FS. Asian Journal of CH5424802 Andrology (2011) 13, 266-274; doi:10.1038/aja.2010.149; published online 17 January 2011″
“In order to develop a model for screening the agonists of human beta(2)-adrenoceptor from Chinese medicinal herbs extracts, we used a cell-based functional assay based on a common G protein-coupled receptor (GPCR) regulation mechanism and destabilized enhanced green fluorescent protein (d(2)EGFP) reporter gene technique. The positive cell clone was confirmed by real-time polymerase chain reaction (PCR) and imaging analysis. To assess the value of this model, we screened over 2000 high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC)-fractionated samples from the ethanol extracts of Chinese medicinal herbs.

After that spermatogenesis dysfunction model induced by ornidazole was established with the aim to study the correlation of CNP with spermatogenic dysfunction. Then, Sertoli cells from 18- to 22-day-old healthy male rats were cultured in the presence of different CNP concentrations (1 x 10(-6), 1 x 10(-7) and 1 x 10(-8) mol l(-1)), and the mRNA expression levels of androgen-binding

protein, inhibin B and transferrin were examined at 0 min, 30 min, 1 h, Fedratinib 2 h, 4 h, 8 h, 12 h, 24 h and 48 h. During the postnatal development of rat testes, the highest mRNA expression levels of CNP and NPR-B were found at postnatal D(0), and the levels then declined gradually, with a second CNP peak at postnatal D(35). In the ornidazole-induced

infertile rat testes, CNP gene expression was lower than in the uninduced rats (P < 0.05), while NPR-B gene expression was greater (P FK228 datasheet < 0.05). In cultured Sertoli cells, supplementation with CNP stimulated the gene expression of androgen-binding protein/inhibin B/transferrin, particularly at 12 h, and 1 x 10(-7) mol l(-1) CNP had the highest upregulation effect. The gene expression levels of CNP/NPR-B in rat testes at different postnatal stages and in infertile rat testes indicated that CNP may participate in the physiology and/or pathology related to spermatogenesis. Moreover, CNP regulated endocrine function in Sertoli cells. Taken together, these results showed that CNP is closely tied to spermatogenesis. Asian

Journal of Andrology (2011) 13, 275-280; doi:10.1038/aja.2010.147; published online 20 December 2010″
“We studied the responses of the activities of adenosine-triphosphate (ATP) sulfurylase (ATPS) and serine acetyltransferase (SAT) to cadmium (Cd) levels and treatment time in hyperaccumulating ecotype (HE) Sedum alfredii Hance, as compared with its non-hyperaccumulating OSI-744 ic50 ecotype (NHE). The results show that plant growth was inhibited in NHE but promoted in HE when exposed to high Cd level. Cd concentrations in leaves and shoots rapidly increased in HE rather than in NHE, and they became much higher in HE than in NHE along with increasing treatment time and Cd supply levels. ATPS activity was higher in HE than in NHE in all Cd treatments, and increased with increasing Cd supply levels in both HE and NHE when exposed to Cd treatment within 8 h. However, a marked difference of ATPS activity between HE and NHE was found with Cd treatment for 168 h, where ATPS activity increased in HE but decreased in NHE. Similarly, SAT activity was higher in HE than in NHE at all Cd treatments, but was more sensitive in NHE than in HE. Both ATPS and SAT activities in NHE leaves tended to decrease with increasing treatment time after 8 h at all Cd levels. The results reveal the different responses in sulfur assimilation enzymes and Cd accumulation between HE and NHE.