All authors read and approved the final manuscript.”
“Background In recent

decades, there has been a great interest in the application of thermoelectric (TE) effects in alternative clean energy sources [1–6]. For the evaluation of the thermoelectric performances of TE devices, their efficiencies Wortmannin purchase can usually be quantified by a dimensionless figure of merit (ZT), S 2 σT/κ or a power factor S 2 σ, where S is the Seebeck coefficient, σ is the electrical conductivity, κ is the thermal conductivity, and T is the absolute temperature. High-performance thermoelectric materials with high ZT values should have a large Seebeck coefficient, high electrical conductivity, and low thermal conductivity [2, 7, 8]. To obtain an efficiently comparable to a household refrigerator, a ZT value at least 3 is desired for more widespread applications [6]. Recently, several researchers have alternatively studied two-dimensional (2D) thin films [9, 10] to overcome the limitations of 1D nanostructured materials whose thermal properties MS-275 datasheet are highly dependent on their dimensionality

and morphology [3, 11–13]. In 2010, Tang et al. reported that the thermal conductivity of holey Si thin film consistently reduces by around 2 orders of magnitude with a reduction in the pitch of the hexagonal holey pattern down to approximately 55 nm with approximately 35% porosity [9]. Similarly, Yu et al. reported that a Si nanomesh structure exhibits a substantially lower thermal conductivity than an equivalently prepared array of Si nanowires [10]. Hence, we believe that the 2D materials (i.e., thin film formation) could be highly promising candidates as TE materials for scalable and practical TE device applications. Magnetite

Tyrosine-protein kinase BLK (Fe3O4) is a well-known PRN1371 half-metallic material, whose electronic density of states is 100% spin polarized at the Fermi level [14, 15]. These properties allow Fe3O4 to be a promising candidate for spintronic devices [16]. However, the thermal property of this metal compound has not been widely studied. In 1962, Slack extensively studied and analyzed the thermal conductivity of a single crystal of paramagnetic bulk Fe3O4 materials at temperatures of 3 to 300 K [17]. He found that the thermal conductivity of Fe3O4 falls sharply with increasing temperature at the approximately 121 ± 2 K transition and reported a notable effect of vacancy and impurities on Fe3O4, particularly below 30 K. The thermal conductivity of pure Fe3O4 was as low as approximately 6 W/m · K at 300 K, owing to phonon scattering by local disorder in the materials, thus implying that pure Fe3O4 is a promising TE material. To the best of our knowledge, there have been no studies on the thermal properties of Fe3O4 thin films.

As expected, upon exposure to HL (Fig. 2) an immediate decrease in the check details absorption cross section from 185 Å2 to a more or less steady state value of approximately 140 Å2 was noticed. Thereafter only a slight increase of σPSII′ was measured, while NPQ

continued to decrease. This trend in σPSII′ is too weak to interpret it as a true signal. This shows that the behaviour in σPSII′ does not match the behaviour in NPQ, whereas this might be expected as σPSII′ is interpreted as that part of the optical absorption cross section involved in photochemisty (Ley and Mauzerall click here 1982). This suggests that σPSII′ was mainly driven by processes other than NPQ. Activation of photosynthesis might affect σPSII′ as more energy can be dedicated towards linear electron flow in the photosynthetic unit. In this case, electron transport rates (or the effective quantum yields) should elevate. Indeed, a small increase of ∆F/F m ′ was observed during the

first 3 min of high light treatment (Fig. 2), indicating activation of photosynthetic electron transport through PSII. Application of lower light intensities, however, led to a brief decrease in ∆F/F m ′ (and electron transport find more rates) as well as in a decrease of the functional absorption cross section (Fig. 3), rejecting the theory of activation of photosynthesis being a major contributor to the development of σPSII′. However, it seems likely that the effect of NPQ on

σPSII′ is counterbalanced by processes that contribute to the functional absorption cross section. When the PF was increased stepwise, σPSII′ initially decreased stepwise CYTH4 as might be expected due to increasing energy dissipation by NPQ mechanisms. Nevertheless, NPQ showed large oscillations, which are not visible in σPSII′. To directly compare NPQ based on changes in σPSII′ we made calculations similar to the Stern–Volmer approach by Suggett et al. (2006) $$ \textNPQ_\sigma_\textPSII = \left((\sigma_\textPSII – \sigma_\textPSII^\prime )\mathord\left/ \vphantom (\sigma_\textPSII -\sigma_\textPSII\prime ) \sigma_\textPSII^\prime \right. \kern-\nulldelimiterspace\sigma_\textPSII^\prime \right) $$where σPSII is the maximal functional absorption cross section measured in the dark, and σPSII′ is the functional absorption cross section measured during exposure with actinic irradiance. Figures 7 and 8 clearly show that the two proxies for NPQ (and \( \textNPQ_\sigma_\textPSII \)) show a different pattern. While \( \textNPQ_\sigma_\textPSII \) decreases slightly as NPQ undergoes an oscillatory pattern in high PF, low light intensities induced patterns that resemble each other except of the rapid NPQ oscillation during the first minute.

Materials and

methods Cell culture, animal and reagents Chemicals employed were obtained from the following sources: MNNG and PMA from Sigma Chemical Co. (St. Louis, MO, USA). These chemicals were dissolved in dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO, from Sigma https://www.selleckchem.com/products/KU-55933.html Chemical Co.) before addition to the cultures. The final concentration of DMSO was 0.1%. Antibodies against acetylated histone H3 and GAPDH were from SantaCruz (California, USA). The rat Oligo-GE-Array (9.2 version) was supplied Exiqon (Denmark). Male Balb/c nude mice, 6–8 weeks of age, were obtained from The Animal Facility of Third Military Medical Gilteritinib solubility dmso University (Chongqing, China). Animals were housed under controlled temperature, humidity and day-night cycle with food and water. All animal experiments were conducted according to the Cancer Statement for the Use of Animals in Cancer Research,

and approved by the institutional committee for animal research of Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, China. Cell culture and cell transformation IEC-6 cells (ATCC, USA) VX-765 in vitro were cultured in DMEM (Logan, USA) containing 10% fetal calf serum (Hyclone), penicillin (100 U/mL), and streptomycin (100 μg/mL). For cell transformation, exponentially growing cells were seeded at a density of 105 cells per 60-mm dish in 5 ml of culture medium. Twenty-four hours after seeding, the cells were treated with http://www.selleck.co.jp/products/Temsirolimus.html 1 μg/ml MNNG for 8 h and then grown in normal medium for 3 days. Then the cell culture was grown in a medium containing PMA at concentrations of 100 ng/ml for 3–4 days of promotion stage. The MNNG/PMA treatment was repeated 11 times and

the finally treated IEC-6 cells were tested for transformation properties. Normal IEC-6 cells were used as negative control. Achorage dependence The efficiency of colony formation in semisolid medium was measured by the procedure described by MacPherson [21]. Cells suspended in 3.0 ml of 0.3% agar with complete medium and were plated in 60-mm dishes over a layer of 0.7% agar containing complete medium. A final concentration was 1 × 104 cells per dish and allowed to harden. Plates were incubated at 37°C in a 5% CO2 humidifed atmosphere for 21 days and scored for clones. Colony formation efficiency in semisolid agar was expressed as the percentage of total cells that formed colonies containing at least 50 cells. Tumor development in nude mice Normal or transformed IEC-6 cells were trypsinized and collected by centrifugation. Male Balb/c nude mice were inoculated subcutaneously with 5 × 105 IEC-6 cells in the dorsal aspect of the neck (4 mice in each group). Human colon cancer SW480 cells were used as positive control, and the same amount of cells were inoculated in nude mice as well. All the mice were further raised for 4–8 weeks, and the tumor weight was scored after the mice were kindly sacrificed.

Decays become faster by increasing the temperature and cannot be fitted by a single exponential function, so that lifetime (τ) values were evaluated by taking the time at which the PL signal becomes 1/e of its initial value. The observed decreasing τ values from 7.0 μs at 11 K to 0.6 μs at

80 K provide a clear evidence that non-radiative phenomena occur and quench the luminescence. This behaviour Epoxomicin is a clear indication of the fact that fast non-radiative phenomena, such as Auger processes or thermally activated quenching processes [22], influence the de-excitation of Si/Ge NWs. The efficiency of such processes increases by increasing the temperature; indeed, they are able to completely quench the IR PL signal at room temperature. We also analyzed the dependence of the Ge-related PL signal, selleck kinase inhibitor detected at 11 K, on the photon flux. As shown in Figure 7a, the PL intensity at 1,220 nm increases by increasing the excitation photon flux from 3.1 × 1019 to 6.2 × 1021 cm−2 · s−1, due to the increase of the number of e-h pairs generated into the wires; FLT3 inhibitor in addition, the figure evidences a sublinear behavior of the PL intensity

as a function of the photon flux, which indeed clearly tends to a saturation value. We also analyzed the behaviour of the PL time-decay curves at 11 K as a function of the photon flux, as reported in Figure 7b. By increasing the photon flux, the lifetime decreases (τ is reduced from 8.7 to 0.5 μs) due to the occurrence of non-radiative phenomena and, in particular, of the Auger process. Figure 7 PL properties of Si/Ge NWs as a function of photon flux. (a) PL intensity at 1,220 nm detected at 11 K

as a function of the photon flux. The red line is a fit to the data. (b) Time-decay curves of the PL signal at 1,220 nm performed at 11 K and for different photon fluxes. The dependence of the PL intensity on the excitation photon flux can be understood by solving the rate equation that describes the excitation and de-excitation processes of excitons in the Si/Ge NWs: (1) where N is the total amount of excitable emitting centers, N* is the excited emitting center population, σ is the excitation cross section, φ is the photon flux impinging on the sample, and τ is the lifetime RVX-208 of the excited state, taking into account both radiative and non-radiative processes. At steady state, by solving Equation 1 and taking into account that the PL intensity (I PL) is proportional to N */τ rad, where τ rad is the radiative lifetime of the emitting center, we obtain (2) where is the saturation value of I PL. From a fit to the data of Figure 7a by using Equation 2 (shown as a red line), we obtain a στ value of 5.3 × 10−22 cm2 · s−1. Since the lifetime value is 0.5 μs, the measured excitation cross section results to be 1.1 × 10−15 cm2.

Thus, an important prophylactic measure is the treatment of LTBI [59]. This approach reduces the reactivation risk by over 80% [60, 61]. However, de novo TB has also been Selleck VX-765 reported [62, 63]. A short time to the onset of TB after the start of biologic treatment suggests LTBI reactivation as the new infections seem to occur at random during anti-TNF treatment. De novo TB is not influenced by anti-LTBI treatments. In these cases, new approaches are required, such as primary prevention [64]. Although current guidelines recommend screening prior to anti-TNF therapy, there are no standard indications and there is a lack of consensus on interpreting TST in patients with psoriasis. The consensus guidelines

from the National Psoriasis Foundation, USA, state that an induration >5 mm is classified as positive in patients with immunosuppression, including patients who are receiving BLZ945 solubility dmso TNF antagonists [7]. The main disadvantage is that they do not provide specific guidelines on interpreting TST for patients about to start anti-TNF therapy [8]. Some authors consider that skin indurations of 5 mm or greater should be interpreted as a positive result for LTBI in any patient considered for TNF blockade [65]. This cut-off value is accepted by most guidelines, including the national

guidelines, but it may overestimate LTBI in psoriatic patients, leading to unnecessary treatments. The present authors previously reported that patients with moderate-to-severe psoriasis had positive TST reactions more frequently (70.5%) than nondermatologic BB-94 order subjects (51%) [66]. Although the TST still represents a useful method, it is difficult to perform and read in psoriatic patients with extensive lesions, because these patients rarely present clinically unaffected skin for testing. Moreover, important immunologic mechanisms take place in even apparently healthy skin of psoriatic

patients; the proinflammatory Cyclic nucleotide phosphodiesterase state can lead to an overreaction to antigenic triggers [67]. Another factor that may lead to false-positive results is the Koebner phenomenon (development of psoriatic lesions at the site of trauma), reported after intradermal injection of purified protein derivative (PPD) in psoriatic patients [68]. In contrast, psoriatic patients with negative TST results and positive QFT-G results have been reported [69–71]. The reversion of a positive TST result to a negative result may also occur [72]. Thus, to minimize the risk of false-negative results, some authors propose a booster dose 7–10 days after an initially negative TST [73]. Tubach et al. [3] reported 69 cases of TB in patients treated with anti-TNF agents, two-thirds of which occurred in patients with negative TST results at screening. However, the authors suggested that both reactivation of LTBI during the first year of treatment and new infections occurring during follow-up were responsible for the high incidence of TB reported in their study.

The presence of retroperitoneal air upon CT analysis does not linearly correlate with the severity check details of the condition or the need for surgery [139, 140]. If there is any suspicion of perforation, the surgeon must promptly diagnose the patient and immediately initiate

systemic support, including broad-spectrum antibiotics and intravenous resuscitation. Following clinical and radiographic examination, the mechanism, site, and extent of injury should be taken into account when RGFP966 order selecting a conservative or surgical approach [141]. Despite extensive retroperitoneal air observed in CT analysis, successful non-operative management of sphincterotomy-related retroperitoneal perforations is possible, provided that

the patient remains stable [142, 143]. In contrast, if a patient develops abdominal pain, becomes febrile, or appears critically ill, surgical exploration should be considered for repair or drainage, especially in the case of elderly or chronically ill patients who are less able to withstand physiological stress. Early surgical intervention often facilitates ensuing primary repair strategies, similar in principle to closure of duodenal perforations secondary to duodenal ulcers. Delayed repair following failed non-operative treatment can be devastating and may require duodenal diversion selleck screening library and drainage without repair of the actual perforation. Several novel methods of managing ERCP-induced perforation have been reported in recent literature

[143, 144]. Some patients have been managed successfully with an endoclipping device; however, this procedure is somewhat precarious given that adequate closure requires inclusion of the submucosal layer of the bowel wall, which clips cannot reliably ensure. Patients must be carefully selected for Rho this procedure; the clipping method is only appropriate for patients who meet the criteria for conservative management (such as the absence of peritoneal signs) and who present with small, well-defined perforations detected without delay. The majority of pancreaticobiliary and duodenal perforations (70%) secondary to periampullary endoscopic interventions can be treated non-operatively [144] by means of nasogastric drainage, antibiotic coverage and nutritional support. Small bowel perforations Jejunoileal perforations are a relatively uncommon source of peritonitis in Western countries compared to less developed regions where such intestinal perforations are a frequent contributor to high morbidity and mortality rates [145, 146].

The conditioned medium containing secreted SPARC protein suppressed the growth of pancreatic cancer cells, indicating that silencing of the SPARC gene may result in pancreatic

cancer development and progression [12]. In the current study, we detected the methylation levels and methylation pattern of the SPARC gene this website transcriptional regulation region (TRR) in normal, adjacent normal, chronic pancreatitis, and pancreatic cancer tissues to assess the altered methylation levels of the SPARC Selleckchem Omipalisib gene to determine if SPARC methylation can be used as a tumorigenesis marker for the early detection of pancreatic cancer. Methods Cell line and culture Pancreatic cancer cell line PANC1 was purchased from the American Type Culture Collection (Manassas, VA, USA) and PaTu8988 was a kind gift from Dr. H.P. Elsasser (Phillips University, Marburg, Germany). These cells were grown in Dulbecco’s modified Eagle’s medium (DMEM) supplemented with 10% fetal bovine serum (both were from Life Technologies Inc., Rockville, MD, USA) and incubated at 37°C in a humidified chamber with 95% air and 5% CO2. Patient tissue specimens A tissue and patient’s data usage protocol was approved by the Ethics Committee of our institution. Informed written consent was obtained from each patient. Tissue samples from 52 patients were obtained from the Second Military Medical University affiliated Changhai Hospital from August

2006 to December 2007; these samples were from 6 pathologically proven cases of chronic pancreatitis, ISRIB price 6 cases of normal pancreatic tissues, 40 cases of pancreatic cancer (ductal adenocarcinoma type), and corresponding normal tissue from those same 40 patients. The tissue samples were obtained and stored in liquid nitrogen

immediately after being resected in the operating room. For pancreatic cancer cases, tumor tissues that contained more than 70% tumor cells and the corresponding adjacent normal tissues without any tumor cell infiltration were selected. In addition, samples of white blood cells (WBCs) Interleukin-3 receptor were obtained from two healthy volunteers. Clinicopathological data, including gender, age, status of tobacco smoking and alcohol consumption, tumor size, differentiation, lymph node metastasis, and TNM stages, were collected from the electronic medical records of the patients. Tobacco smoking was defined as at least one cigarette per day for no less than 1 year. Alcohol consumption was defined as intake of at least 50 ml of Chinese liquor, 250 ml of wine, or 500 of ml beer at least once a week for a minimum of 1 year. The 6th American Joint Committee on Cancer (AJCC) staging system was used to classify the clinical stage of pancreatic cancer. DNA extraction and bisulfite modification of DNA Genomic DNA from the tissues and cell lines was extracted using the phenol/chloroform method and precipitated with ethanol.

Immediately following the shooting drill all participants completed

a serial subtraction test to assess cognitive function in a fatigued state. Performance measurements Global positioning system All participants were provided with an individual global positioning system (GPS) that they wore in a vest underneath their shirt. The GPS unit (MinimaxX, V4.3, Catapult Innovations, Victoria, Australia) was positioned in a posterior pocket on the vest situated between the participant’s right and left scapula in the upper-thoracic spine region. Information on velocity patterns was recorded during the 4 km run. Peak velocity, mean velocity, distance covered running at slow – moderate speed (< 4.44 m∙sec−1), distance covered running at high speed (4.44+ m∙sec−1), and the percent of total distance run at slow-moderate and high speeds were downloaded from the GPS receiver/transmitters. Data were collected at 10 Hz and all analysis was performed SC79 with the system software provided by the manufacturer. The validity and reliability of the GPS technology has been previously demonstrated [23]. Jump power To quantify vertical jump power, participants performed five consecutive CMJ. During each CMJ participants stood with their hands on their waist at all times and were instructed

to maximize the height of Selumetinib price each jump, while minimizing the contact time with the ground between jumps. During each jump the participant wore a belt connected to a Tendo™ Power Output Unit (Tendo Sports Machines, Trencin, Slovak LY294002 Republic). The Tendo™ unit consists of a linear position transducer attached to the end of the belt which measured linear displacement and time. Subsequently, the velocity of clonidine each jump was calculated and power determined. The average peak and mean power outputs for all five jumps were recorded. Intraclass correlations for the Tendo Unit and peak and mean vertical jump power in our laboratory has been R = 0.98,

(SEM =106.2 W) and R =0.94 (SEM = 100.3 W), respectively. Shooting performance Targets were set at a 40-m distance from the firing line and were all headshots. Each shot that hit the target was considered accurate. Twenty targets were set up on the range. All participants were notified prior to the start of data collection which target they were required to shoot at. Immediately following the 120-m sprint, participants continued onto the shooting range and shot five times while kneeling and five times from a prone position with their assault rifle. Participants were instructed to shoot rapidly and accurately. While shooting each participant was required to handle a misfire in their weapon. The misfire was prearranged by the investigative team, which involved placing an empty bullet randomly into weapon’s magazine (weapon’s ammunition storage and feeding device). This required the participant to recognize and correct the misfire (clear the bullet) and continue to deliver fire at the designated target.

This is physically equivalent to different microwave-driven oscillation frequencies for the two electronic subbands. Acknowledgements This work is supported by the MCYT (Spain) under grant MAT2011-24331 and by NU7441 manufacturer the ITN grant 234970 (EU). References 1. Mani RG, Smet JH, von Klitzing K, Narayanamurti V, Johnson WB, Umansky V: Zero-resistance states induced by electromagnetic-wave excitation in GaAs/AlGaAs heterostructures. Nature (London) 2002,

420:646–650. 2. Zudov MA, Du RR, Pfeiffer LN, West KW: Evidence for a new dissipationless effect in 2D electronic transport. Phys Rev Lett 2003, 90:046807.CrossRef 3. Iñarrea J, Platero G: Theoretical approach to microwave-radiation- induced zero-resistance states in 2D electron systems. Phys Rev Lett 2005, 94:016806.CrossRef 4. Iñarrea J, Platero G: From zero resistance states to absolute negative conductivity in microwave irradiated two-dimensional electron systems. Appl Phys Lett 2006, 89:052109.CrossRef 5. Iñarrea J, Platero G: Polarization immunity of magnetoresistivity selleck inhibitor response under microwave excitation. Phys Rev B 2007, 76:073311.CrossRef

6. Iñarrea J: Hall magnetoresistivity response under microwave excitation revisited. Appl Phys Lett 2007, 90:172118.CrossRef 7. Durst AC, https://www.selleckchem.com/products/idasanutlin-rg-7388.html Sachdev S, Read N, Girvin SM: Radiation-induced magnetoresistance oscillations in a 2D electron gas. Phys Rev Lett 2003, 91:086803.CrossRef 8. Lei XL, Liu SY: Radiation-induced magnetoresistance oscillation in a two-dimensional electron gas in Faraday geometry. Phys Rev Lett 2003, 91:226805.CrossRef 9. Rivera PH, Schulz PA: Radiation-induced zero-resistance states: Possible dressed electronic structure effects. MYO10 Phys Rev B 2004, 70:075314.CrossRef 10. Mani RG, Smet JH, von Klitzing K, Narayanamurti V, Johnson WB, Umansky V: Demonstration of a 1/4-Cycle phase shift in the radiation-induced oscillatory magnetoresistance in GaAs/AlGaAs devices. Phys Rev Lett 2004, 92:146801.CrossRef 11. Mani RG, Smet JH, von Klitzing

K, Narayanamurti V, Johnson WB, Umansky V: Radiation-induced oscillatory magnetoresistance as a sensitive probe of the zero-field spin-splitting in high-mobility GaAs/AlGaAs devices. Phys Rev B 2004, 69:193304.CrossRef 12. Mani RG: Zero-resistance states induced by electromagnetic-wave excitation in GaAs/AlGaAs heterostructures. Physica E (Amsterdam) 2004, 22:1.CrossRef 13. Mani RG, Johnson WB, Umansky V, Narayanamurti V, K Ploog K: Phase study of oscillatory resistances in microwave-irradiated- and dark-GaAs/AlGaAs devices: indications of an unfamiliar class of the integral quantum Hall effect. Phys Rev B 2009, 79:205320.CrossRef 14. Mani RG, Gerl C, Schmult S, Wegscheider W, Umansky V: Nonlinear growth in the amplitude of radiation-induced magnetoresistance oscillations. PhysRev B 2010, 81:125320. 15. Wiedmann S, Gusev GM, Raichev OE, Bakarov AK, Portal JC: Microwave zero-resistance states in a bilayer electron system. Phys Rev Lett 2010, 105:026804.CrossRef 16.

Nat Nanotechnol 2011, 6:506.find more CrossRef 4. Kane EO: Pollmann-Büttner variational method

for excitonic polarons. Phys Rev B 1978, 18:6849.CrossRef 5. Klingshrin C: ZnO: from basics towards Nepicastat molecular weight applications. Phys Status Solidi B 2007, 244:3027.CrossRef 6. Gai Y, Li J, Li SS, Xia JB, Yan Y, Wei SH: Design of shallow acceptors in ZnO through compensated donor-acceptor complexes: a density functional calculation. Phys Rev B 2009, 80:153201.CrossRef 7. Okada T, Kawashima K, Ueda M: Ultraviolet lasing and field emission characteristics of ZnO nano-rods synthesized by nano-particle-assisted pulsed-laser ablation deposition. Appl Phys A: Mater Sci Process 2005, 81:907.CrossRef 8. Han X, Wang G, Wang Q, Cao L, Liu R, Zou B, Hou JL: Ultraviolet lasing and time-resolved photoluminescence of well-aligned ZnO nanorod arrays. Appl Phys Lett 2005, 86:223106.CrossRef 9. Hauschild R, Lange H, Priller H, Klingshirn C, Kling R, Wang A, Fan HJ, Zacharias M, Kalt H: Stimulated emission from ZnO nanorods. Phy Status Solidi B 2006, 243:853.CrossRef 10. Liu C, Zapien A, Yao Y, Meng X, Lee CS, Fan

S, Lifshitz Y, Lee ST: High-density, ordered ultraviolet light-emitting ZnO nanowire arrays. Adv Mater 2003, 15:838.CrossRef 11. Qiu X, Wong KS, Wu M, Lin W, Xu H: Microcavity lasing behavior of oriented hexagonal ZnO nanowhiskers grown by hydrothermal oxidation. Appl Phys Lett 2004, 84:2739.CrossRef 12. Govender K, Boyle DS, O’Brien P, Binks D, West D, Coleman www.selleckchem.com/products/azd2014.html D: Room-temperature lasing observed from ZnO nanocolumns grown by aqueous solution deposition. Adv Mater 2002, 14:1221.CrossRef 13. Zheng M, Zhang L, Li G, Shen W: Fabrication and optical properties of large-scale uniform zinc oxide nanowire arrays by one-step

electrochemical deposition technique. Chem Phys Lett 2002, 363:123.CrossRef 14. Leprince-Wang Y, Yacoubi-Ouslim A, Wang GY: Structure Sclareol study of electrodeposited ZnO nanowires. Microelectron J 2005, 36:625.CrossRef 15. Vayssieres L: Growth of arrayed nanorods and nanowires of ZnO from aqueous solutions. Adv Mater 2003, 15:464.CrossRef 16. Zang CH, Su JF, Wang B, Zhang DM, Zhang YS: Photoluminescence of ZnO:Sb nanobelts fabricated by thermal evaporation method. J Lumin 1817, 2011:131. 17. Yang Y, Qi J, Zhang Y, Liao Q, Tang L, Qin Z: Controllable fabrication and electromechanical characterization of single crystalline Sb-doped ZnO nanobelts. Appl Phys Lett 2006, 92:183117.CrossRef 18. Yang Y, Guo W, Qi J, Zhao J, Zhang Y: Self-powered ultraviolet photodetector based on a single Sb-doped ZnO nanobelt. Appl Phys Lett 2010, 97:223113.CrossRef 19. Wang LJ, Giles NC: Temperature dependence of the free-exciton transition energy in zinc oxide by photoluminescence excitation spectroscopy. J Appl Phys 2003, 94:973.CrossRef 20. Samanta K, Arora AK, Hussain S, Chakravarty S, Katiya RS: Effect of oxygen partial pressure and annealing on nanocrystalline p-type ZnO:Sb thin films. Curr Appl Phys 2012, 12:1381.CrossRef 21.