World J Emerg Surg 2008, 3:33.CrossRefPubMed 54. Fitzgibbons RJ Jr, Salerno GM, Filipi CJ, Hunter WJ, Watson P: A laparoscopic intraperitoneal onlay mesh technique for the repair of an indirect inguinal hernia. Ann Surg 1994,219(2):144–156.CrossRefPubMed 55. Shah R, Sabanathan S, Mearns AJ, Choudhury AK: Traumatic Rupture of the Diaphragm. Ann Thoracic Surgery 1995,60(5):1444–1449.CrossRef Competing interests The authors declare that they have no competing interests. Authors’ contributions FR and MMC performed the literature search, extracted the data and wrote the manuscript. RS helped with radiological

images. SY Iftikhar performed see more the operation. FR, MMC, RS and SYI all helped in writing different subsections of the review. All authors contributed to the manuscript, and all read and approved the final version.”
“Background Spinal subdural abscess (SSA) is a very rare entity. Its exact incidence is unknown and to date only 64 cases have been reported in the literature [1]. Staphylococcus aureus (staph aureus) is the most common bacterial source [1–3] and thoraco – lumbar spine is the most affected region [1, 2, 4]. MRI is the diagnostic modality of choice. The first subdural empyema was reported in 1927 [5]. Bacterial abscesses Pexidartinib molecular weight involving

spinal canal are associated with high morbidity and mortality, while early diagnosis and emergent treatment are vital to prevent the formation and progression of neurologic deficits and death. In this report, we present a patient with SSA in the thoracic and lumbar region.

Case presentation A 75-year-old man with a past medical history of diabetes mellitus was admitted to the Emergency Department of our University Hospital. He had a history of acute low back pain in the region of the lumbar spine in the last 4 days before his admission to the hospital. Two days before his admission he experienced lower leg weakness and fever (oral temperature 38.5°C). Clinical examination showed neck stiffness. After initial evaluation and brain CT scan – which revealed no damage Inositol monophosphatase 1 – he had a lumbar puncture. The patient hospitalized with the diagnosis of meningitis (CSF: 765 white cells per cubic millimeter, elevated protein level: 70 mg per deciliter, decreased CSF glucose levels: 35% of serum glucose). Staph. aureus was cultured from cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) sample. The neurologic condition of the patient impaired very quickly and at the end of the third day, after his admission, he developed paraplegia. Deep tendon reflexes were absent in the lower limbs and severely diminished in the upper limbs. After neurosurgical consultation an emergency magnetic resonance imaging scan (MRI) of the brain and the whole spinal spine was performed, five days after the admission of the patient to the hospital.

Arch Immunol Ther Exp (Warsz) 2000, 48:31–38. 5. Weber-Dąbrowska B, Zimecki M, Mulczyk M, Górski A: Effect of phage therapy on the turnover and function of peripheral neutrophils. FEMS Immunol Med Microb 2002, 34:135–138.CrossRef 6. Międzybrodzki R, Świtała-Jeleń K, Fortuna W, Weber-Dąbrowska B, Przerwa A, Łusiak-Szelachowska M, Dąbrowska K, Kurzepa A, Boratyński J, Syper D, Poźniak G, Ługowski C, Górski A: Bacteriophage preparation inhibition of reactive oxygen species generation by endotoxin-stimulated

polymorphonuclear leukocytes. Virus Res 2008, 131:233–242.CrossRefPubMed 7. Przerwa A, Zimecki M, Świtała-Jeleń K, Dąbrowska K, Krawczyk RAD001 in vitro E, Łuczak M, Weber-Dąbrowska B, Syper D, Międzybrodzki R, Górski selleck inhibitor A: Effects of bacteriophages on free radical production and phagocytic fuctions.

Med Microbiol Immunol 2005, 195:143–150.CrossRef 8. Dąbrowska K, Opolski A, Wietrzyk J, Świtała-Jeleń K, Godlewska J, Boratyński J, Syper D, Weber-Dąbrowska B, Górski A: Anticancer activity of bacteriophage T4 and its mutant HAP1 in mouse experimental tumour models. Anticancer Res 2004, 24:3991–3995.PubMed 9. Levin BR, Bull JJ: Population and evolutionary dynamics of phage therapy. Nat Rev Microbiol 2004, 2:166–173.CrossRefPubMed 10. Kucharewicz-Krukowska A, Ślopek S: Immunogenic effect of bacteriophages in patients subjected to phage therapy. Arch Immunol Ther Exp (Warsz) 1987, 35:553–561. 11. Bucknall R, Leirisalo-repo M, Laitinen 0, Jones JV: Antibody producing capacity to the bacteriophage phi X174 in yersinia arthritis. Ann Rheum Dis 1987, 46:883–888.CrossRefPubMed 12. Ackermann HW, Dubow MS: Viruses of prokaryotes. General properties of bacteriophages CRC Press Boca Raton, FL 1987, 1:49–76. 13. Koga T, Toyoshima

S, Kawata T: Morphological varieties and host rouge of vibrio parahaemolyticus bacteriophages isolated from sea water. Appl Environ Microbiol 1982, 44:466–470.PubMed 14. Sulakvelidze A, Morris JG: Bacteriophage therapy. Antimicrob Agents Oxalosuccinic acid Chemother 2001, 45:649–659.CrossRefPubMed 15. Broudy TB, Fischetti VA: In vivo lysogenic conversion of Tox (-) Streptococcus pyogenes to Tox (+) with lysogenic Streptococcus or free phage. Infect Immun 2003, 71:3782–3786.CrossRefPubMed 16. Borysowski J, Górski A: Is phage therapy acceptable in the immunocompromised host? Int J Infect Dis 2008, 12:466–471.CrossRefPubMed 17. Weber-Dąbrowska B, Mulczyk M, Górski A: Bacteriophage therapy for infections in cancer patients. Clin Appl Immunol Rev 2001, 1:131–134.CrossRef 18. Górski A, Borysowski J, Międzybrodzki R, Weber-Dąbrowska B: Bacteriophages in Medicine. Bacteriophage: Genetics and Molecular Biology (Edited by: Mc Grath S, van Sinderen D). Norfolk: Caister Academic Press 2007, 125–158. 19. Górski A, Kniotek M, Perkowska-Ptasińska A, Mróz A, Przerwa A, Gorczyca W, Dąbrowska K, Weber-Dąbrowska B, Nowaczyk M: Bacteriophages and transplantation tolerance.

CrossRef 14. Nishimura S, Abrams N, Lewis BA, Halaoui LI, Mallouk TE, Benkstein KD, van de Lagemaat J, Frank AJ: Standing wave enhancement of red absorbance and photocurrent in dye-sensitized titanium dioxide photoelectrodes GDC-0449 coupled to photonic crystals. J Am Chem Soc 2003,125(20):6306.CrossRef 15. Mihi A, Miguez H: Origin of light-harvesting enhancement in colloidal-photonic-crystal-based dye-sensitized solar cells. J Phys Chem B 2005, 109:15968.CrossRef 16. Agrell HG, Lindgren J, Hagfeldt A: Degradation mechanisms in a dye-sensitized solar cell studied by UV–VIS and IR spectroscopy. Solar Energy 2003, 75:169.CrossRef 17. Ahn JY, Kim JH, Moon KJ, Kim JH, Lee CS, Kim MY, Kang JW, Kim SH: Incorporation of multiwalled

carbon nanotubes into TiO 2 nanowires for enhancing photovoltaic performance of dye-sensitized solar cells via highly efficient electron transfer. Solar Energy 2013, 92:41.CrossRef Competing interests The authors declare that they have no competing interests. Authors’ contributions KJM, SWL, and YHL contributed equally to this work as first co-authors. KJM, SWL, and YHL fabricated TiO2 pastes, assembled various DSSCs, and made photovoltaic performance measurement. JYA participated in the SEM measurements. SJL and DWL participated in the design and manufacture of condenser lens-based solar concentrator. SHK provided guidance to

INK 128 supplier KJM, SWL, YHL, JYA, and SJL as a supervisor and designed most of this research project. All authors read and approve the final manuscript.”
“Background Graphene, a sp2-hybridized

however carbon film with unique properties, has attracted substantial interest in recent years, and it is a candidate for several applications. The carriers in graphene are transported in the π-orbitals that are perpendicular to the surface so the optical transparency of a single layer of graphene can be as high as approximately 97%, and it can exhibit excellent electronic properties with reported mobilities of between 3,000 and 27,000 cm2/V·s [1–3]. Various methods for synthesizing graphene have been developed. One of them is the mechanical exfoliation from highly oriented pyrolytic graphite, but it has low throughput and produces graphene with a limited area [4–7]. Chemical exfoliation is a promising method; it has high throughput and produces graphene flakes from bulk graphite [8]. Sulfuric acid is a common oxidizing agent that reacts strongly with the surface of aromatic carbon compounds to form graphene oxide flakes that are subsequently reduced to graphene [9, 10]. This method forms various defects that degrade the electronic properties of the formed graphene. Another method is the thermal decomposition from SiC substrate. In this case, a Si atom on a SiC surface is exposed to a temperature of 1,050°C to 1,100°C [11, 12]. The epitaxial graphene on SiC has high quality, but the use of an expensive SiC substrate is not practical.

Of relevance based on TPS calculations, checking the dose at the Selleckchem GSK-3 inhibitor reference point we can confirm the dose distribution at any point in the box. Moreover, the numer of bags within the box makes no significant changes to the dose distribution, as confirmed by multiple calculations and measurements performed during the implementation phase. Finally, the forms reporting the blood component bag code and the value of delivered dose are filed in both the Radiotherapy and Transfusion Departments, while the irradiated gafchromic

films are stored in the Medical Physics Department. After an initial cost of about 144 €, the total cost for blood component bags for external and internal procedures is very different (about 66 vs 11 €/bag, respectively). The internal procedure avoids logistic problems as the blood components do not have to be transported out of the IRE. The overall savings of IFO was about € 110.558 due to the irradiation of 1996 blood components in the first year, without affecting in any way the scheduled Ixazomib cell line treatments in the Radiotherapy Depatment. The overall saving was about 83% per bag. In conclusion, we assume that the efficacy of both procedures is the same, the minimum and the maximum dose being in the range recommended by international guideline,

thus the cost-efficacy study corresponds to the cost analysis. However, the cost and the time per bag are lower in the internal than in the external procedure. Thus, the internal procedure is preferable when an Institute has LINACs for patient radiotherapy, while the external procedure could be useful over the week-end (i.e. when the regular activity of the Radiotherapy Department is closed). Conclusion By utilizing LINACs installed in the Radiotherapy Department it is possible to provide an internal blood component irradiation service, Etofibrate capitalizing on internal resources without any inconvenience/discomfort to patients undergoing radiotherapy.

The development and organization of such an irradiation program requires rigorous modus operandi and careful dosimetric checks, to ensure the quality of the irradiated components and to satisfy governmental regulatory requirements. In our procedure the delivered dose accuracy has been assessed by gafchromic film in a PMMA box. This and a very simplified irradiation set-up provide a fast and reliable way to guarantee that the delivered dose is in accordance with international guidelines. In conclusion, the internal irradiation procedures has proven to be safe and feasible, and along with the significant cost/time reduction suggests that it is more advantageous than external procedures in Istitutes/Hospitals without dedicated devices. Acknowledgements The Authors wish to thank Mrs. Paula Franke for the English revision of the manuscript. References 1.

Collegiate wrestlers also Midostaurin solubility dmso use moderate to high intensity resistance training with high work to rest ratios. In-season football training includes repeated bouts of short sprints and Olympic/power lifting with low work to rest ratios. Methods Twenty-two Divison II college wrestlers (19.9 ± 1.9 yr, age ± SD) and 15 football players (18.6 ± 1.5 yr) completed this double-blind, placebo controlled study. Each subject ingested either 4 g/day β-alanine or placebo in powdered capsule form. Subjects were tested pre and post 8-week treatment in timed 300 yd. shuttle, 90° flexed arm hang (FAH), body

composition, and blood lactate accumulation during 300 yd. shuttle. Wrestlers participated in 5 days per week training that included HIIT 3 days/week and resistance training with high work: rest ratios 2 days/week. Football players participated in 5 days/week training that included repeated sprints with low work: rest ratios 3 times/week and Olympic/power lifting 4 times/week. Results The subjects taking β-alanine EPZ 6438 achieved more desirable results on all tests compared to placebo (NS, p > 0.05). Performance improvements were greatest in the football supplement group, decreasing 300 shuttle time by 1.1 sec (vs. 0.4 sec. placebo) and increasing FAH (3.0

vs. 0.39 sec.). The wrestlers, both placebo and supplement lost weight (as was the goal, i.e. weight bracket allowance); however, the supplement group increased lean mass by 1.1 lb., while the placebo group lost lean mass (-0.98 lb). Both football groups gained weight; however, the supplement group gained an average 2.1 lb lean mass compared to 1.1 lb for placebo. See Table 1. Table 1   Test Football

Placebo (n = 8) Mean (SD) Football Supplement (n = 7) Mean (SD) Wrestling Placebo (n = 12) Mean (SD) Wrestling Supplement (n = 10) Mean (SD) Δ bodyweight 2.8 (1.2) 2.6 (1.9) -3.2 (4.9) -0.43 (4.6) Δ bodyfat% 0.88 (1.5) 0.1 (1.1) -1.1 (1.4) -0.89 (0.66) Δ lean mass 1.1 (2.3) 2.1 (3.6) -0.98 (2.6) 1.1 (4.3) Δ 300 shuttle -0.4 (2.2) -1.1 (0.94) -1.3 (1.7) -1.6 (2.2) Δ 90° FAH 0.39 (6.5) 3.0 (5.4) 5.0 (3.9) 6.5 (7.3) Δ Lactate 1.5 (3.3) 0.03 (3.7) -2.3 (4.7) -2.6 (4.7) Conclusion Supplementation with beta-alanine appears Edoxaban to have the ability to augment performance and stimulate lean mass accrual in a short amount of time (8 weeks) in previously trained athletes. β-alanine may magnify the expected performance outcomes of training programs with different metabolic demands. Acknowledgements The products were donated by Athletic Edge Nutrition. No other funding was received. The authors declare that they have no competing interests.”
“Background We have recently reported that the dietary supplement Meltdown® (Vital Pharmaceuticals) increases plasma norepinephrine (NE), epinephrine (EPI), glycerol, and free fatty acids (FFA), as well as metabolic rate in healthy men [1].

The FHV primer pair are located in conserved regions (based on alignment to the related Black Beetle virus and Boolara virus) as are the

DCV primers (based on an alignment to another DCV isolate: Darren Obbard personal communication) so should amplify any similar viruses if present. We then tested the effect of fly Wolbachia infection status on viral pathogenicity. The viral isolates have been described previously [36, 46] (kindly provided by Luis Texiera) and were prepared as in [18]. We injected virgin females aged between 4 and 10 days old with 69nl of virus into the abdomen of the fly using a Nanoject II (Drummond scientific, Bromall, PA, USA). The viruses were injected at a tissue culture infective dosage50 Everolimus of 1.35 x 106 TCID50 in 69nl for FHV and 1000 TCID50 in 69nl for DCV. To produce the virus, Schneider Drosophila line 2 (DL2) cells were cultured at 26.5°C in Schneider’s Drosophila Medium (Invitrogen) supplemented with 10% Fetal Bovine Serum, 2mM L-Glutamine, 100 U/ml penicillin, and 100 μg/ml streptomycin (all Invitrogen). The cells were infected with DCV, selleck screening library and after they showed cytopathic effect they were filtered through a 0.45 μm filter and centrifuged at 13.500 rpm for 10 minutes to remove any bacteria or cellular

components. Aliquots of a 10-4 dilution of the virus suspension were prepared using 50 mM TE buffer and frozen at -80°C. To calculate the infectivity of the virus, the Tissue Culture Infective Dose 50 (TCID50) was calculated. Starting from the 10-4 dilution, serial dilutions to 10-10 were made in Schneider’s medium, and

each dilution was added to 8 wells of a plate. After 7 days the wells were examined and classed as “infected” when cell death and cytopathic effects were clearly visible. The TCID50 was calculated by the Reed-Muench end-point method [47]. The Poisson distribution was used to get the number of infective units per ml (IU/ml) [48]. The experiment was done twice to ensure the estimates of the from TCID50 were consistent. As a negative control we also injected flies with Drosophila Ringer’s solution [49] for the DCV experiment and Drosophila Ringer’s solution diluted 1:2 with Tris 50mM pH 7.5 for the FHV experiment. The different negative controls reflect how the viral isolate was diluted. After injection, flies were kept in vials of agar-sugar medium at ~18°C. The flies were examined each day and the number of dead individuals in each vial was recorded. The effect of Wolbachia on survival rates was analysed using a Cox’s proportional hazards mixed effect model, which accounted for between vial variation in survival rates.

Photosynth Res 84:93–98PubMedCrossRef Hughes JL, Picorel R, Seibert M, Krausz E (2006a) Photophysical behavior and assignment of the low-energy see more chlorophyll states in the CP43 proximal antenna protein of higher plant photosystem II. Biochemistry 45:12345–12357PubMedCrossRef Hughes JL, Smith P, Pace R, Krausz E (2006b) Charge separation in photosystem II core complexes induced by 690–730 nm excitation at 1.7 K. Biochim Biophys Acta 1757:841–851PubMedCrossRef Jang SJ, Silbey RJ (2003) Single complex line shapes of the B850 band of LH2. J Chem Phys 118:9324–9336CrossRef Jang SJ, Dempster SE, Silbey RJ (2001) Characterization of the static disorder in

the B850 band of LH2. J Phys Chem B 105:6655–6665CrossRef Jang SJ, Newton MD, Silbey RJ (2004) Multichromophoric Förster resonance energy transfer. Phys Rev Lett 92:218301-1-4 Jankowiak R (2000) Fundamental aspects of fluorescence line-narrowing. In: Gooijer C, Ariese F, Hofstraat JW (eds) Shpol’skii spectroscopy

and other site-selection methods. Wiley, New York, pp 235–272 Jankowiak R, Small GJ (1987) Hole-burning spectroscopy and relaxation dynamics of amorphous solids at low temperatures. Science 237:618–625PubMedCrossRef Jankowiak R, Small GJ (1993) Origin of the T1.3 power law of pure dephasing for impurity electronic transitions in amorphous solids. Chem Phys Lett 207:436–442CrossRef Jankowiak R, Small GJ, Athreya KB (1986) Derivation of the density of states and distribution functions for two-level systems in glasses. J Phys Chem 90:3896–3898CrossRef Jankowiak R, Tang D, Small GJ, Seibert M (1989) LDE225 datasheet Transient and persistent

hole burning of the reaction center of photosystem II. J Phys Chem 93:1649–1654CrossRef Jankowiak R, Hayes JM, Small GJ (1993) Spectral hole-burning spectroscopy in amorphous molecular solids and proteins. Chem Rev 93:1471–1502CrossRef Jankowiak R, Zazubovich V, Rätsep M, Matsuzaki S, Alfonso M, Picorel R, Seibert M, Small GJ (2000) The CP43 core antenna complex of photosystem II possesses two quasi-degenerate and weakly coupled Qy-trap states. J Phys Chem B 104:11805–11815CrossRef Jankowiak R, Hayes JM, Bay 11-7085 Small GJ (2002) An excitonic pentamer model for the core Qy states of the isolated photosystem II reaction center. J Phys Chem B 106:8803–8814CrossRef Jimenez R, van Mourik F, Yu JY, Fleming GR (1997) Three-pulse photon echo measurements on LH1 and LH2 complexes of Rhodobacter sphaeroides: A nonlinear spectroscopic probe of energy transfer. J Phys Chem B 101:7350–7359CrossRef Ketelaars M, van Oijen AM, Matsushita M, Köhler J, Schmidt J, Aartsma TJ (2001) Spectroscopy on the B850 band of individual light-harvesting 2 complexes of Rhodopseudomonas acidophila I. Experiments and Monte Carlo simulations. Biophys J 80:1591–1603PubMedCrossRef Kharlamov BM, Personov RI, Bykovska LA (1974) Stable gap in absorption spectra of solid solutions of organic molecules by laser irradiation.

We used a GPS device (2006: Garmin eTrexVenture™; 2007: HP iPAQ hw6500) to record the track locations. The four studied species of butterflies were tracked within their habitat (see Fig. 1). In addition, in 2007 we conducted release experiments for M. jurtina in an area of drifting inland dunes, that we considered as non-habitat to this species. In this hostile environment, we tracked the behaviour and mobility of 8 individuals as if they were moving between habitat patches. The release site was located at a distance of approximately 2000 m from the catching

site, which is much further selleck than the perceptual range of individuals (100–150 m according to Conradt et al. (2001)). We used only M. jurtina for the release experiments, because it was most abundant, not endangered, and easiest to track

in an open, windy environment. Each individual was tracked only once. At the beginning of each track, we measured temperature, wind speed and cloud cover. At the end of the observation we re-measured temperature, wind speed, and determined the temperature difference between the black and white surfaces (further referred to as radiation; Table 1). In the Netherlands, the summer of 2006 was hot and dry in June and July (July was on average the hottest month since the beginning of the records by the Royal Netherlands Meteorological Institute in 1706), while August was relatively chilly and rainy. After a very mild spring, the weather Pim inhibitor during the summer of 2007 was changeable and rainy. Table 1 Means (standard deviation) of temperature, radiation, cloudiness, and wind speed during the fieldwork in 2006 and 2007 Year Temperature

(°C) Radiation (°C) Cloudiness (%) Wind speed (Bft) 2006 26.5 (4.7) 17.6 (8.3) 47.0 (39.5) 3.3 (1.7) 2007 19.5 (3.4) 16.3 (9.1) 52.4 (28.0) 3.6 (2.3) Survival analysis The field data of 2006 and 2007 together were used to assess the influence of the measured weather variables on the observed duration of flying bouts [i.e. the time of uninterrupted flight Chlormezanone behaviour, (Haccou and Meelis 1992)] and non-flying bouts (i.e. nectaring, resting, basking, testing, or ovipositing) per species. We summed the durations of all consecutive non-flight behaviour as a single non-flying bout. The nature of the data (i.e. ‘time-to-event’ data with censors) required the application of survival analysis (Kleinbaum and Klein 2005). Censoring occurred when the observation time elapsed or when the butterfly was lost from sight. Cox’s proportional hazards model was used to analyze which weather variables affected the tendency of a butterfly to terminate a bout. It was assumed that butterflies have a basic tendency to stop a specific behaviour (baseline hazard). Therefore, the observed hazard rate (the observed tendency to stop a specific behaviour) is the product of the baseline hazard and a factor that gives the joint effect of all covariates (here, weather variables).

3 to 35.3. Cytokine gene expression was further assayed using the GEArrayTM Q series Mouse Common Cytokines Gene Array from SABiosciences (Frederick, MD). Three DBA/2 and three C57BL/6 mice were infected i.n. with C. immitis RS strain and the lungs harvested, as described above, 15 days after infection. RNA was extracted from each mouse as previously described and pooled within strains. RNA was used to generate cDNA probes that were then hybridized to GEArrayTM Q series platform and detected by chemiluminescence. Gene expression levels were normalized to the housekeeping Decitabine in vivo gene GAPDH. The limit of detection of this platform was taken as twice the expression

level of the blank negative control [69], and any gene whose expression was below this limit was subsequently set to this limit in order to avoid spurious fold change calculations. www.selleckchem.com/products/Rapamycin.html Fold changes were again calculated by dividing gene expression levels in DBA/2 mice by expression levels in C57BL/6 mice for each cytokine. Pathway, gene ontology, and protein network analysis Genes were selected for GO and pathway analysis if they were modulated greater than two-fold

(log2 fold change ≥ 1 or ≤ -1) between DBA/2 and C57BL/6 mice at any time point. Pathway analysis was performed using DAVID [15] with the background defined as all of the probes on the Affymetrix MGU74Av2 GeneChip. A hypergeometric test was used to identify those pathways from the Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG) database that were considered significantly over-represented in the list of differentially expressed genes [70]. Only those pathways with an FDR corrected p-value of <0.05 using the Benjamini and Hochberg (BH) method were considered significant [71]. GO analysis was performed using the BiNGO tool [16], which is available as a plug in to Cytoscape [72]. BiNGO was used to retrieve the GO annotation and preserved the hierarchical relationship of GO terms for genes differentially expressed between mouse strains. A hypergeometric test was used to identify

those GO terms that were significantly over-represented in the set of differentially expressed genes compared to a background of the entire Affymetrix MGU74Av2 GeneChip. Similar to 3-mercaptopyruvate sulfurtransferase pathway analysis, the FDR associated with multiple testing was corrected using the BH method [71]. Protein-protein and protein-DNA interactions made between the protein products of the genes that were differentially expressed between mouse strains greater than two-fold (log2 fold change ≥ 1 or ≤ -1) at day 14 (N = 416) were determined using the direct interactions algorithm in MetaCore (GeneGo, St. Joseph, MI). The interactions documented in MetaCore have been manually curated and are supported by citations in the literature record. When the proteins encoded by genes form well-connected clusters it is quite likely that they share a common functional response.

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