4 for one video in the group of Mayo Clinic stratum 1 to 2, to 1.2 to 9.6 for videos in the normal stratum, to 93.4 for a video of the most severe stratum of UC, indicating that the 57 videos embraced the full range of endoscopic UC severity seen in clinical trials and practice (Figure 1). Responses also indicate that the full range of severity was assessed for each descriptor and on the VAS (Table 3). The correlation of the simple sum version of the UCEIS with evaluation of overall severity on the VAS had a median of 0.93 across investigators (minimum, 0.78; maximum, 0.99), indicating that on

average the UCEIS captured 86% (derived from 0.932) of the variance in investigators’ screening assay assessments of overall severity. There was also a high level of correlation between the 3 individual descriptors and assessment of overall severity on the VAS: with a median of 0.82 (minimum, 0.55; maximum, 0.90) for vascular pattern, 0.80 (minimum, 0.45; maximum, 0.97) for bleeding, and 0.89 (minimum, 0.78; maximum, 0.96) for erosions and ulcers. The Cronbach coefficient α was 0.863

for the UCEIS overall (vascular pattern, AZD0530 0.83; bleeding, 0.80; erosions and ulcers: 0.79). One-at-a-time deletion of descriptors resulted in slightly lower α coefficients (0.79–0.83), indicating that each descriptor contributed positively to the overall UCEIS. A total of 50 repeat-pair assessments assessed intraobserver variability. The intrainvestigator reliability ratio for evaluation of overall severity was 0.87 on the VAS and 0.96 for the UCEIS. Intrainvestigator agreement for descriptors ranged from a κ of 0.47 (95% confidence interval [CI], 0.27–0.67) for bleeding to 0.87 (95% CI, 0.74–1.00) for vascular pattern (Table 4), indicating moderate to very good agreement for individual descriptors. The weighted C59 in vitro intraobserver κ for the overall UCEIS score was 0.72 (95% CI, 0.61–0.82). A total of 548 video evaluations of 57 videos (22 per investigator, 2 missing; Table 2) assessed interobserver variability. The interinvestigator reliability ratio for overall assessment of severity was 0.78 on the VAS and 0.88 for the UCEIS. Interinvestigator agreement for descriptors ranged

from a κ of 0.48 (95% CI, 0.46–0.50) for bleeding to 0.54 (95% CI, 0.50–0.57) for vascular pattern, indicating moderate agreement for individual descriptors between investigators (Table 4). The weighted interobserver κ for the overall UCEIS score was 0.50 (95% CI, 0.49–0.52). In summary, only 4% of the variation in UCEIS scoring in the repeat evaluation data set was attributable to within-investigator variation when scoring the same video twice. Similarly, only 12% of the variation in UCEIS scoring in the main analysis data set was attributable to investigator-to-investigator differences when scoring a common video. Across investigators, the correlation between the normalized version of the UCEIS and overall severity (VAS) had a median value of 0.94 (minimum, 0.78; maximum, 0.

, 2004, Bailey and Thompson, 2010 and Pirotta et al., in press). Other marine mammal species are also regularly sighted in the area: harbour seal (Phoca vitulina), harbour porpoise (Phocoena phocoena), grey seal (Halichoerus grypus), and, further offshore, minke whale (Balaenoptera acutorostrata) and other smaller delphinid species ( Reid et al., 2003). In addition to the bottlenose dolphin SAC, six rivers around the Firth are SACs for Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar), while the Dornoch Firth is an SAC for harbour seals ( Butler et al., 2008). Two locations were selected for underwater noise monitoring: The Sutors (57°41.15′N, 3°59.88′W), check details at the entrance to

the Cromarty Firth, and Chanonry (57°35.12′N, 4°05.41′W), to the southwest (Fig. 1). Both locations are deep narrow

channels characterised by steep seabed gradients and strong tidal currents, heavily used by the dolphins for foraging (Hastie et al., 2004, Bailey and Thompson, 2010 and Pirotta et al., in press). The Sutors supports commercial GKT137831 ic50 ship traffic transiting in and out of the Cromarty Firth, while Chanonry is on the route to and from Inverness and to the west coast of Scotland via the Caledonian Canal (Fig. 2). Water depths at the deployment sites were 45 m (The Sutors) and 19 m (Chanonry). Proposed development of fabrication yards for offshore renewable energy at Nigg, Invergordon and Ardersier yard (Fig. 1) are expected to increase levels of ship traffic in the SAC. Several consecutive deployments of single PAM devices (Wildlife Acoustics SM2M Ultrasonic) were made at the two sites during Fenbendazole summer 2012. The units were moored in the water column ~1.5 m above the seafloor. The periods covered by the deployments are shown in Table 1. Gaps in the time series at The Sutors were caused by equipment malfunctions. Noise was monitored on a duty cycle of 1 min every 10 min at a sampling rate of 384 kHz and 16 bits. This regime allowed for detection of ship passages with a similar time resolution to the AIS data (∼10 min;

see below) while also providing recordings of marine mammal sounds up to 192 kHz. Additionally, noise was recorded at 192 kHz, 16 bits during the remaining 9 min of the duty cycle. These data were only used for detailed analysis of illustrative events. The PAM units were independently calibrated using a pistonphone in the frequency range 25–315 Hz. This calibration agreed with the manufacturer’s declared sensitivity to within ±1 dB, and so the manufacturer’s data were used for the entire frequency range (25 Hz–192 kHz). Acoustic data were processed in MATLAB using custom-written scripts. The power spectral density was computed using a 1-s Hann window, and the spectra were then averaged to 60-s resolution using the standard Welch method (Welch, 1967), producing a single spectrum for each 1-min recording. These were then concatenated to form a master file for subsequent analysis.

No attempt was made to treat the pelvic lymph nodes. The most common dose prescription was 46 Gy

in 23 fractions (46 Gy/23), delivering 10 fractions daily for a fortnight, prescribed at the International Commission on Radiation Units selleck compound and Measurements prescription point, using 18 MV photons. Patients were given instructions to have an empty rectum and “comfortably” full bladder for the treatment. Gold fiducial markers were used with a daily image-guided setup protocol since 2007. In all patients, the HDRB was used as a “boost” in combination with EBRT. Since initiation of the HDRB program, three progressive, escalated fractionation schedules were used. From November 1998 to August 2000 a schedule of 20 Gy/4 was used. From September 2000 to June 2006, the schedule changed to 18 Gy/3. From July 2006 until November 2008,

19 Gy/2 was the standard. Two patients planned to receive 18 Gy/3, but received one fraction http://www.selleckchem.com/products/cx-4945-silmitasertib.html of 6 Gy and a second fraction of 10 Gy (16 Gy/2). This was because of the delays on Day 2, preventing a third fraction being delivered in a timely fashion. The technique has been previously described (8). Up until July 2006, metal needles were used. Subsequently, plastic catheters were used in an attempt to reduce trauma. These needles or catheters were placed transperineally using transrectal ultrasound and fluoroscopic imaging for guidance. The needles or catheters were placed within the bladder lumen to ensure adequate coverage of the prostate base. Before September 2005, replanning was not routine. Since then, patients were re-CT imaged on the simulator CT but only replanned if the needle movement

was estimated to be greater than 1 cm in the caudal Nutlin-3 manufacturer direction. Since August 2008, all patients were replanned for each fraction. The identification of the apex in the planning images is essential to ensure adequate coverage of the prostate. Before September 2005, this was identified based on the planning CT images. Since September 2005, a fiducial marker has been placed at the apex under ultrasound guidance and used as a reference to improve the identification of the apex on the planning CT images. The target volume for the HDR component was the prostate with up to 6 mm in the cranial–caudal direction to account for microscopic extension and potential needle movement. Patients were planned using Plato (Nucletron, Veenendaal, The Netherlands) planning software until October 2009, since when the Nucletron Oncentra (Nucletron) planning system was routinely used. All fractions were given over one admission, at least 6 h apart. The HDRB was delivered by 192Ir source automatically afterloaded with a microSelectron 192Ir (Nucletron). As the prescribed dose changed over time, the dose to the urethra was limited so that no more than 10% of the urethral volume was to receive greater than 120% of the prescribed dose (D10 ≤ 120%).