Il s’attacha, en outre, à publier avec de nombreux collaborateurs un nouvel ouvrage français de cancérologie pédiatrique, comme l’avait fait antérieurement, Odile Schweisguth. Une étape importante fut représentée

par la création du diplôme universitaire d’oncohématologie pédiatrique, devenu rapidement un diplôme interuniversitaire, dont le haut niveau de qualité continue de répondre aux besoins de formation théorique adéquate, pluridisciplinaire, destinée aux jeunes médecins, Selleck CX5461 chirurgiens, biologistes, radiologues… français et étrangers. Ce diplôme est considéré comme indispensable à l’exercice de la cancérologie pédiatrique. La technicité des soins, permettant l’amélioration rapide des taux de rémission, puis de guérison, tout en limitant les séquelles, n’a pas été sa seule préoccupation, d’autant plus qu’il était nécessaire de faire reconnaître la spécificité des soins pédiatriques dans un institut de cancérologie destiné aux adultes, à la différence de nombreuses unités de ce type, habituellement situées dans un hôpital d’enfants. Il importe d’insister sur le rôle de Jean Lemerle dans l’organisation du soutien psychologique (et même de la recherche psychiatrique),

et de l’environnement pédiatrique à l’hôpital : scolarité, Rire Médecin, arts plastiques, activités ludiques, maison des parents…. Il avait à cœur d’écouter et de partager la réflexion des parents. Toujours

dans un esprit d’ouverture, il a favorisé le développement des associations de parents, selleckchem créant un partenariat avec l’association ISIS, fondée à l’IGR et s’intégrant par la suite dans une Fédération nationale des parents d’enfants atteints de cancer (UNAPECLE). Il savait surtout mêler de nombreux questionnements éthiques aux discussions soulevées en amont et en aval de certains protocoles de recherche, de l’adaptation des traitements aux périodes de fin de vie, des interrogations posées en 1988, par la loi Huriet-Serusclat, sur l’aménagement de nos entretiens avec les parents et leurs enfants malades, lors de l’instauration Dichloromethane dehalogenase habituelle d’un essai thérapeutique au moment du diagnostic ou en cas de rechute. Il ne s’agit là que de quelques exemples, autour desquels ont été activées de nombreuses discussions. L’ouverture aux autres, le désir d’aider à structurer le développement de la cancérologie pédiatrique dans les pays émergents ont conduit Jean Lemerle à créer en 2000 le Groupe franco-africain d’oncologie pédiatrique. Modèle d’action humanitaire, cette initiative allie la réflexion politique (au sens noble du terme), à la connaissance parfaite des terrains, prenant en compte les besoins des malades et de leurs familles, la motivation des acteurs, ainsi que les freins à lever.

Gluten after consumption is hydrolyzed by peptidases resulting in proline-rich peptides (e.g. a 33-mer derived from α2-gliadin), so-called T cell epitopes, which are resistant to further degradation by the gastrointestinal system. Further on, they stimulate the T cells in the intestinal mucosa leading to an inflammation in the small intestine with the typical symptoms: diarrhea and malnutrition ( Figure 3). The only effective remedy is to omit gluten products from the diet, but this is complicated by the ubiquitous occurrence of the proteins and an Epacadostat supplier often insufficient labeling. There is a strong interest of the concerned persons to avoid a lifelong gluten-free diet. A detoxification

of gliadin by pig intestinal mucosa was first detected in 1959 [25], followed by clinical efforts in 1976 [26]. Prolyl endopeptidases were found to cleave the epitopes efficiently

from the carboxyl side of proline residues in vitro resulting in detoxification ( Figure 3), but the enzymes exhibited instability against the acidic pH occurring in the stomach and against a break-down by the intestinal peptidases [27]. The studies implied that oral supplementation with prolyl oligopeptidases cannot be successful selleck inhibitor in contrast to a treatment of food during processing, for example beer. Enteric-coated enzyme preparations were presented 28• and 29 which remain intact while passing the gastric tract and display their detoxificating activity in the small intestine. Ehren et al. [30] genetically modified a gastric intolerant PEP resulting in an enhanced activity at lower pH and improved stability against pepsin with the intention eltoprazine of degrading gluten under gastric conditions. Novel prolyl endopeptidases (PEP) from Flavobacterium meningosepticum, Sphingomonas capsulate, A. niger, and Myxococcus xanthus were screened

and proven to be highly effective for gluten degradation under intestinal conditions 31 and 32. A digestion of the epitope regions in the stomach is favored before they reach the intestinal mucosa. As a result, an acidic pH optimum of the prolyl endopeptidases is required besides stability at acidic pH and against cleavage by human peptidases. Additionally, ‘detoxifying’ peptidases should possess the ability to cleave intact gluten proteins. PEP structurally consist of a β-propeller domain which was postulated to inhibit the access of long chain peptides (more than 30 amino acids) to the active site of the enzyme [33]. Previous studies concentrated on the hydrolysis of the known T cell stimulatory epitopes only 32, 34 and 35. In 2005, structural and mechanistic experiments identified an induced dynamical conformation shift by an incoming protein/peptide substrate 36 and 37. Thereupon, whole gluten was used as a substrate of PEPs, alone as well in combination with gastric peptidases 31, 38 and 39••. Even whole-wheat bread was the object of research 38 and 40.

studied the electronic structures of CuFeS2 and CuAl0.9Fe0.1S2 by observing the phenomenon and analyzing the data of the states of Fe and Cu, and the valence-band of unit cell. The S 3p-Fe 3d bonding is found covalent base on the obvious tail of click here the XPS spectra of Cu 2p and S 2p [43]. Mikhlin et al. compared and analyzed the abraded chalcopyrite

and bornite in a vacuum chamber by X-ray absorption near-edge structure (XALES) to exam the electronic structure [44]. The result showed the Cu L3-edge had a strong pre-edge peak and a small post-edge peak, the Fe L2,3-edge energy was consistent with the Fe2+ oxidation state and S L-edge spectra was clearly observed [44]. It is widely accepted that the Neel temperature of CuFeS2 is extremely high, at 823 K [45] and [46]. Edelbro et al. proposed that the energy bands (−13.8 to 12.5 eV), which is lower than Fermi level, ERK inhibitor libraries is similar to that of sphalerite. Woolley et al. demonstrated that, at temperature above 50 K and in an unit cell of CuFeS2, the spin orientation of face-centered Cu is same with Cu around the face-centered Fe and is opposite with the Fe in the square (face-centered and peripheral) and Cu that is out of the square, the same situation applies to Fe [46] and [47]. Petiau et al. presented that

the Fermi level is greater than the top of the valence-band (Cu 3d) by 0.15 eV and lower than the bottom of the conduction-band (Fe 3d) by 0.3 eV in terms of energy, based on the record of XAS measurements and analysis of band structures [48]. The energy gap between the valance-band and the conduction-band is 0.45 eV, which is consistent with the observations of other band gap. Pearce et al. combined 2p XPS and L-edge XAS with Mössbauer data to study the states of Fe and Cu, which identified

the presence of high-spin Fe3+ in chalcopyrite [49] and [50]. de Oliveira and Duarte employed the density functional Gemcitabine theory to study the magnetic structure of chalcopyrite and found the presence of Cu+ and Fe3+ [51] and [52]. It can be calculated that the shortest distance between atom in an unit cell of pyrite crystal is d  S–S = 2.20 Å or d  S–S = 2.14 Å, which appears between two anion pairs, the others length is listed as, d  Fe–S = 2.26 Å and d  Fe–S = 2.27 Å and there is no evidence to test the exist of S S covalence bond [42], [53] and [54]. Folmer et al. and van der Heide et al. constructed a model on a molecular orbital (MO) diagram of the S2−2 anion, displaying the phenomenon of the orbital overlap and orbital hybridization (3s and 3p) of S atoms, based on the Mössbauer studies and XPS measurements [53]. Subsequently, Edelbro et al. proposed a band structure of FeS2, which is systematic and complete, calculated by using a full potential density functional approach, to some extent, similar to the calculations made by Philpott et al. [42] and [54].

Manteve ainda, durante um período, esomeprazol e ferro, e iniciou azatioprina em dose baixa, que se foi aumentando em ambulatório. Repetiu, alguns meses após a alta, a endoscopia, já sem alterações, e a colonoscopia, que mostrou íleon normal e pseudopólipos dispersos em mucosa cólica de resto http://www.selleckchem.com/ATM.html íntegra (biopsias com «inflamação crónica inespecífica»). Realizou colangio-pancreatografia por ressonância magnética nuclear (CPRMN), que não mostrou alterações (fig. 4). Ainda para esclarecimento das alterações hepáticas, pesquisaram-se os auto-anticorpos pANCA, anti-nuclear, anti-músculo liso,

anti-mitocondrial e anti-LKM. O pANCA PR3 foi o único positivo. A Ig G4 era normal e os métodos de imagem mostraram sempre veia porta permeável. Por manter enzimas hepáticas elevadas, com

predomínio RO4929097 mouse do padrão colestático, realizou-se biopsia hepática percutânea que revelou aspetos sugestivos de CEP, com a característica lesão de fibrose periductal em «casca de cebola» (fig. 5). Encontra-se assintomática 9 meses depois da alta, medicada com azatioprina, mesalazina e AUDC, a que adere irregularmente. Apresentámos um caso de doença de Crohn do cólon agudizada, com envolvimento gastroduodenal invulgar. Esta foi uma das razões para a introdução precoce de azatioprina. Diagnosticaram-se ainda, na admissão, pioderma gangrenoso, com excelente resposta à corticoterapia, e colestase sem icterícia sugerindo a hipótese de CEP. Durante o internamento, houve agravamento da colestase e elevação das aminotransferases por provável «toxicidade» da alimentação parentérica total e da isoniazida. Por isso se diferiu a biopsia hepática durante alguns meses, sabendo-se que o colangiograma era normal. Mas, a propósito deste caso, privilegiámos nesta discussão uma revisão da CEP-PD, dada a sua raridade. A CEP tem uma

prevalência e incidência anual estimadas de 3,85-8,5 e 0,41-1,3 casos por 100.000 habitantes, respetivamente3, 6 and 7. A CEP-PD é uma doença ainda mais rara: descrita por Wee e Ludwig há cerca de 20 anos8 and 9, só um pequeno número de casos foi até agora relatado, em parte – certamente – por subnotificação1. A maioria dos casos de CEP e CEP-PD associa-se à doença inflamatória intestinal idiopática do cólon, embora se saiba que menos de 5% dos doentes Bay 11-7085 com doença inflamatória intestinal têm CEP8. A CEP-PD representa apenas 5,8-11% do total de casos de CEP4, 10 and 11. A CEP-PD, tal como a CEP, é uma doença tipicamente dos homens com colite ulcerosa. Algumas séries demonstraram, no entanto, proporções relativamente maiores de colite de Crohn e de mulheres na CEP-PD do que na CEP4 and 5. Tal como mais casos de síndromes de sobreposição, nomeadamente com a hepatite auto-imune, presente em 10-27% dos doentes com CEP-PD7 and 12. A presença de colestase, crónica, especialmente em doente anictérica com colite de Crohn é muito sugestiva de CEP. A CPRMN normal obriga a biopsia hepática para confirmar ou não a presença de CEP-PD, diagnóstico confirmado nesta doente.

Three replicates were performed. Embryos from each group were transferred individually to a cryotube, rapidly frozen in liquid N2 and Screening Library screening stored at −80 °C for further RNA extraction and PCR analysis. Total RNA was extracted from three pools of five blastocysts of both groups and quantification of Aqp3 and ATPase1 transcripts relative to β-actin gene was performed in duplicate by real time PCR for further comparison between groups. Expanded blastocysts co-cultured in CR2aa plus 10% (FCS) were vitrified by the Open Pulled Straw (OPS) method [35] in a solution with 20% dimethyl sulphoxide (DMSO) and 20% ethylene glycol (EG).

After warming, embryos were co-cultured in CR2aa medium with granulosa cell monolayer for 72 h. The control group consisted of fresh embryos (non-vitrified). Post warming survival was assessed by their re-expansion and hatching at 72 h. Total of eight replicates were performed. Vitrified-warmed and fresh embryos were transferred individually to a cryotube, rapidly frozen in liquid N2 and stored at −80 °C for further

RNA extraction and PCR analysis. Total RNA was extracted from two pools of five re-expanded embryos at 72 h and relative quantification of Aqp3 and ATPase1 transcripts was performed in duplicate by real time PCR. Ovaries were obtained at a local slaughterhouse and shipped to laboratory in saline solution (0.9% NaCl with 0.1 g/L streptomycin) at 36.0 °C. Follicles were aspirated and cumulus–oocyte complexes (COCs) with more than three compact layers of cumulus cells and oocyte with homogeneous cytoplasm were matured in tissue culture medium (TCM-199, selleck screening library Gibco Life Technologies, Inc., Grand Island, NY, USA) supplemented with 20 μg/mL follicle stimulating hormone (FSH; Pluset, Serono, Italy), 0.36 mM sodium pyruvate, 10 mM sodium bicarbonate and 50 mg/mL streptomycin/penicillin in a humidified atmosphere of 5% CO2 at 38.5 °C for

24 h. For in vitro fertilization, frozen/thawed semen was centrifuged at 9000g for 5 min in a Percoll discontinuous density gradient (45–90%) to obtain motile spermatozoa. The pellet was centrifuged again at 9000g for 3 min in Fert-TALP medium [12]. In vitro fertilization was performed in 100-μL drops of Fert-TALP supplemented with 2 × 106 spermatozoa/mL, 20 μg/mL of heparin and Liothyronine Sodium 6 mg/mL of fatty acid free BSA fraction V, covered with mineral oil, for 21 h in a humidified atmosphere of 5% CO2 and 38.8 °C in air. Presumptive zygotes were partially denuded and co-cultured in CR2aa or SOFaac media with 10% FCS (Nutricell, Campinas, SP, Brazil) with their own cumulus cells under 5% CO2 and 39 °C in high humidity for 192 h post-insemination (hpi). Cleavage was assessed at 72 hpi and blastocyst at 168 (day 7) and 192 (day 8) hpi. Grade I (according to the IETS Manual [29] blastocysts and expanded blastocysts underwent osmotic challenge.

OAg samples and KDO standards (100 μl of total volume in water), with a C O concentration between 15.7 nmol/ml and 156.7 nmol/ml, were added to 100 μl of semicarbazide solution (100 mg semicarbazide hydrochloride + 90.5 mg of sodium acetate anhydrous in 10 ml of water). Sample blanks were prepared by adding 100 μl of sodium acetate (90.5 mg of sodium acetate anhydrous in 10 ml of water) to 100 μl of the OAg samples at the same concentration used for the analysis. All samples and standards were heated at 50 °C for 50 min and then analysed by HPLC-SEC (80 μl injected), on a TSK gel G3000 PWXL column with guard screening assay column in 0.1 M NaCl, 0.1 M NaH2PO4, 5% CH3CN, pH 7.2 mobile phase at the flow rate of

0.5 ml/min (isocratic method for 30 min). Detection was done at 252 nm. The area under the peak corresponding to the OAg after derivatisation with semicarbazide was corrected AZD6738 with the area of the corresponding blank and the amount of KDO calculated with the calibration curve built with the areas of KDO standards at 252 nm. The trinitrobenzene sulfonic acid (TNBS) colorimetric method (Palmer and Peters, 1969 and Satake et al., 1960) was used for total NH2 group quantification. 6-aminohexanoic acid was used as the standard for NH2 quantification on underivatised

OAg samples, while ADH was used as the standard for NH2 quantification after OAg derivatisation with ADH. The amount of hydrazide groups introduced linking ADH was calculated by subtracting the number of NH2 groups already present on the un-derivatised OAg sample and the number of free NH2 groups,

detected as free ADH by reverse phase high performance liquid chromatography (RP-HPLC) (Micoli et al., 2012) from the total NH2 groups by TNBS. Selective activation on the terminal KDO was calculated as Sorafenib chemical structure the percentage of moles of linked ADH per moles of GlcNAc (present as a unique sugar in the core region, Fig. 1), indicating the percentage of activated OAg chains. Random activation with ADH after oxidation was expressed as the percentage of moles of ADH per moles of Rha (present as one sugar per OAg repeating unit; Fig. 1). Immobilization of the derivatised OAg samples, both OAg–ADH and OAgoxADH, on NHS-Sepharose was performed according to the manufacturer’s instructions (GE Healthcare). Briefly, OAg–ADH or OAgoxADH was dissolved in coupling buffer (5–10 mg/ml; 0.5 M NaCl, 0.2 M NaHCO3, pH 8.3). A HiTrap™ NHS-activated HP 1 ml column was washed with 1 mM HCl (6 column volumes) and dissolved activated OAg was added to the column and incubated overnight at 4 °C. The column was then washed with 0.5 M ethanolamine, 0.5 M NaCl pH 8.3 (6 column volumes) to block unreacted sites followed by 0.1 M AcONa, 0.5 M NaCl pH 4 (6 column volumes). Washing with 0.5 M ethanolamine, 0.5 M NaCl pH 8.3 was repeated (6 column volumes) and the column was left at 4 °C for 4 h. 0.1 M AcONa, 0.

K. and B.R.Y.) from a resource of videos

from clinical trials of patients with active UC.8 Subjects had consented to the anonymized presentation of these procedures (EUDRACT 2006-001310-32). Each video comprised a full-length sigmoidoscopy, edited to remove contact friability test images where present, because this technical test had confused earlier assessment. Also included were recordings from subjects (Oxford LREC 536407Q1605/58ORH) without UC during colorectal cancer screening (“normal”) and from patients with the most severe UC who had been hospitalized, some before GKT137831 cell line emergency colectomy. All videos were anonymized throughout the study. A library of 57 videos was created and stratified by clinical disease activity using the Mayo Clinic score. Fifty of the videos were new (ie, not previously assessed in phases 1 or 2). Another 7 were www.selleckchem.com/products/Adriamycin.html repeated as benchmarks, comprising one each from extreme strata (ie, normal or most severe) and 5 with Mayo Clinic scores between 1 and 11. Each investigator was randomly assigned 28 of 57 videos in randomized order using a set of Latin squares (Table 2). Twenty-six of the 28 videos did not include clinical details. Each investigator was asked to evaluate the most severely affected area. Two duplicates of new videos (Mayo Clinic strata 1–2, 6–7, or 10–11)

were provided to evaluate intrainvestigator agreement. Another 2 videos were repeated and supplemented with clinical details (number of stools/day, severity of rectal bleeding, pretreatment or posttreatment status, and physician’s global assessment)

to evaluate prior knowledge of such clinical details on endoscopic evaluation. Videos were supplied in 3 batches over a 6-week period both to avoid reader fatigue and to optimize memory extinction for duplicated videos. Duplicates were arranged so that the first of any pair was in the first batch and the second was in the third batch. eltoprazine Investigators were asked to evaluate the 3 descriptors comprising the UCEIS (Table 1) in the area worst affected at video sigmoidoscopy. In contrast to phase 2,6 still photographs from the training were provided for reference during evaluation to facilitate reference to the rating standards. A VAS (0–100) rating overall severity was similar to that used for phase 2. The VAS was used as a reference in the absence of a gold standard endoscopic assessment for reasons previously explained.6 To enable consistent and convenient data entry, investigators were provided with a data capture program designed by one of the authors (P.S.) that could be run simultaneously with video viewing and save responses after each video was scored. Data files were e-mailed to the sponsor after qualification assessments and for each cohort. The UCEIS was calculated as the simple sum of vascular pattern (scored 0–2), bleeding (scored 0 to 3), and erosions and ulcers (scored 0–3). Thus, the range of possible UCEIS scores was from 0 to 8.

Cooling of the upper layers leads to a nearly constant temperature in the mixed layer, which is typical of the stratification in this season. The near-bottom layer has an average annual temperature of 6–7.5°C, and the fluctuations are associated with inflows of water from the Danish LBH589 datasheet Straits. The properties of such inflowing water depend

on the season when the influx occurs. Water temperature during 1998–2010 shows a positive trend in the entire water column (Figure 10). There is a sharp increase in temperature in the surface layer (0–20 m), which is directly exposed to seasonal weather variations and climate change. The temperature rise in this layer is especially large in SF and GD – more than 0.11°C year−1. The largest increase see more in the temperature of the transition layer (40–70 m) has taken place in GD (> 0.08°C year−1), and in all areas the trend has been the greatest in the near-bottom layer. The above structure leads to a C-shaped vertical profile of the temperature trend. Therefore, one can conclude that at the surface and close to the bottom, the temperature has increased much more than in the mid-depth layers. These changes

could be due to the rise in air temperature and advection from the Danish Straits to the three deep basins. As a result of convection, a slower process compared to advection, the mid-layer temperature has changed less rapidly than the situation illustrated in Figure 10. To check the correctness of the calculations, the results were compared to the monthly satelite

Sea Surface Temperature (SST) data in the areas under consideration. The SST data used was described in detail by Reynolds et al. (2002). The in situ data were compared to the averaged SST over the period under scrutiny and for the nearest location (Table 1). For example, the in situ surface temperature collected in January was compared to the SST averaged Clomifene for all the January data from 1998–2010 obtained for the nearest location. The results confirm the correctness of the calculated trends (Figure 10). The difference between the results is approximately 0.02°C. There was a positive trend in salinity in all three areas over the years 1998–2010, (Figure 11). The salinity increase in GD was much faster in the transition and near-bottom layers than at the surface. At the thermocline the salinity trend was 0.5 PSU year−1 in SF and GD. In BD the salinity trend was greater at the surface than in the transition layer. In the Gdańsk Basin, on the other hand, the greatest increase of salinity took place in the near-bottom layer, which could have been the effect of a recent strong inflow (Piechura & Beszczyńska-Möller 2004). The results show that regardless of the intensity, inflows increase the salinity trend along the transit axis of inflow waters. Table 1.

It could also be derived from the accelerated stability study

that the optimised proportion of ACEL showed stabilisation of metastable amorphous form of the drug and non-progressive reappearance of a few diffraction peaks in XRPD study had a minimal effect on solubility characteristics of ACEL. Thus the present study provides a broader perspective of utilisation of innovative manufacturing technologies such as hot melt extrusion to enhance solubility characteristics of APIs showing thermal degradation; when processed only in combination Palbociclib with suitable polymer–plasticiser system. All authors have none to declare. “
“Malaria ranks among the major health problems in Pakistan. Endemic in ninety-one countries which consist of forty percent of the world population, malaria affects an estimated 300 million people per year worldwide causing

more than a million deaths per year.1 Majority of the fatalities occur in children under five years of age. Pregnant women and non-immune people are at particular risk. Climate change is also expected to affect malaria indirectly by changing ecological relationships that are important to the organisms involved in malaria transmission (the vector, parasite and host). Examples of such indirect forces Anticancer Compound Library purchase are deforestation and habitat changes due to climate change that may affect which species of Anopheles are able to survive. The three main climate factors that affect malaria are temperature, precipitation, and relative humidity. 2 Climate predicts, to a large degree, the natural distribution of malaria. 3 Epidemics of malaria are caused by a disturbance in equilibrium between host, parasite and vector. Najera et al 4 have defined

three different types of epidemics. Type I epidemics are caused by meteorological conditions, which create temporary epidemics that eventually revert back to the previous condition. Type II epidemics are caused by landscape Celecoxib changes or colonization of sparsely populated areas that create a new equilibrium level of endemicity. Type III epidemics are caused by interruptions in measures that were controlling malaria. Plasmodium vivax and Plasmodium falciparum cause different types of epidemics. P. vivax epidemics occur mainly in areas with only seasonal transmission and show a bimodal peak, the second peak caused by relapses, whereas P. falciparum epidemics grow slowly and then explode causing only one peak of transmission. 4 The aim of present study is to determine the prevalence of plasmodium falciparum and plasmodium vivax in a population of Bannu district (N.W.F.P), and also to evaluate the effect and extent on patient blood chemistry, such as bilirubin, Glucose, ALT and AST and creatinine, due to these parasites in severe case of malaria.

The substitute question for the Tampa Scale for Kinesiophobia was introduced with the sentence, You visited your general practitioner because of complaints in your back or leg, followed by the question How much ‘fear’ do you have that these complaints would be increased by physical activity? (scores range from 0 = no fear, to 10 = very much fear). Disability: The Roland Morris Disability Questionnaire for sciatica is a validated measurement for disability ( Patrick et al 1995, Roland & Morris 1983). It contains 24 questions that can be answered with ‘yes’ or ‘no’. The substitute question for the

Roland Morris Disability Questionnaire Hedgehog antagonist was, In your normal daily activities, how much trouble do you have from your back or leg complaints? (scores range from 0 = no trouble, to 10 = maximal trouble). Health-related quality of life: The EQ-5D is a validated measurement of health outcome ( Lamers et al 2006, The EuroQol Group 1990). The EQ-5D was developed by the EuroQol group and consists of 5 questions on mobility, self care, usual activities, pain/discomfort, and anxiety/depression, with

3 answer categories. A weighted sum results in a score in the range –0.3 to 1, with higher scores indicating better health status. The SF-36 is a validated questionnaire to survey health status ( Aaronson et al 1998, Ware and Sherbourne 1992). It contains 36 questions, each with 2 to 5 response options. The SF-36 has no overall score, but two summary scores can be calculated: a physical component summary and a mental Anti-infection Compound Library component summary. Because of a large overlap, we created one substitute question for both the EQ-5D and the SF-36 physical component summary. This substitute question was, How would

you rate your general health? (scores range from 0 = excellent, to 10 = very poor). Outcome measures were global perceived effect and pain severity in the leg at 1 year follow-up. Assessment of the outcome measures was done using a mailed questionnaire to be filled out by each participant. TCL Global perceived effect was measured on a 7-point scale ranging from 1 = completely recovered, to 7 = vastly worsened. Global perceived effect is regarded as a clinically relevant, reliable, and responsive outcome measure (Bombardier 2000, Dworkin et al 2005). We dichotomised the ratings into ‘recovered’ (‘completely recovered’ and ‘much improved’) and ‘not recovered’ (‘slightly improved’ to ‘worse than ever’) (Luijsterburg et al 2008). Pain severity in the leg was scored on an 11-point numerical rating scale ranging from 0 = no pain, to 10 = unbearable pain (Von Korff et al 2000). A numerical rating scale is regarded as a clinically relevant, reliable, valid, and responsive pain scale (Dworkin et al 2005). Missing values in the original trial database were imputed by assigning the last available score. Our research question was answered by calculating correlations and applying logistic regression models.