Here, we employed a novel 3-way analysis where NOD was compared to two diabetes-resistant strains, C57BL/6 and NOR. Comparison with NOR mice (a strain that is ∼88% identical to NOD mice, including sharing the diabetogenic H2g7 MHC haplotype) afforded us the ability to identify gene expression changes (and their associated molecular networks) that might contribute to T1D susceptibility

in NOD or, conversely, Ibrutinib cost resistance in NOR mice in the context of a permissive MHC haplotype. This study confirmed as well as advanced our recently published studies on unfractionated spleen leukocytes [ 25] in that, in addition to using the NOR control strain, we focused on a specific leukocyte subset (CD4 T-cells) and included an additional time point (3 weeks of age), all of which allowed us to identify novel altered pathways. NOR mice remain diabetes-free due to resistance alleles within the ∼12% portion of their genome derived from BKs [4,17,29,30]. These BKs-derived genomic regions are present on chromosomes 1, 2, 4, 5, 7, 10, 11, 12, 14 and 18 [17,29,30]. Unsurprisingly, virtually all the NOD altered genes identified

in the current study are located on these chromosomes (Table 1, Table 2, Table 3 and Table 4). Strikingly, a large number of these genes lie within known diabetes susceptibility regions (Table 1, Table 2, Trichostatin A Table 3 and Table 4). Linkage/congenic studies have provided evidence for the presence of NOR resistance genes on Chr1 (Idd5.2), Chr2 (Idd13) and Chr4 (Idd9/11), and potentially Oxymatrine on Chr11 [ [15], [16] and [17], 30]. However, several studies also suggest that genes in other genetic regions distinguishing NOR from NOD may also act interactively with genes in these loci to protect NOR mice from autoimmune diabetes

[ 5, 10, 30], thus providing further support for the significance of investigations at the whole cellular or molecular systems level. In further support for whole molecular systems studies, F2 segregation studies and subsequent subcongenic analyses have found that Idd13 (Chr2) and Idd9/11 (Chr4) each consist of multiple genes that contribute to NOR resistance [ 10, 16, 17, 30]. Our study revealed that a total of 26 different NOD CD4 T-cell altered genes lie within Idd13, including 6 (Bloc1s6, Trp53bp1, Tmem87a, Ctdspl2, Gatm and Raly) that were common to the 3 ages studied ( Table 1, Table 2, Table 3 and Table 4). Interestingly, two central genes in the IPA networks, Bcl2l1 and Src ( Table 8), also lie within this locus. Bcl2l1 is linked to 3 genes, Galnt10, Rtn4 (reticulon 4) and Pnpt1 (polyribonucleotide nucleotidyltransferase 1) that are located on Chr11, while Src is linked to 2 genes, Paqr7 (progestin and adipoQ receptor family member VII) and Khdrbs1 that are located on Chr4.

The improved etching potential of the self-etching primers resulted in the formation of a thin hybridized complex, consisting of a surface zone of hybridized smear layer and a subsurface authentic hybrid layer [20]. Physical existence of thin hybrid layers should not compromise initial bond strength if acidic resin monomers can simultaneously reach the demineralization front they created in intact dentin, since there is no correlation

between hybrid layer thickness and bond strength [21]. Chemical bonds are created by some self-etch adhesives due to the presence of specific functional monomers such as 10-methacryloyloxydecyldihydrogenphosphate (10-MDP), 4-methacryloyloxyethyl trimellitate anhydride (4-META) LGK-974 chemical structure and phenyl-P. These monomers contain carboxylic and phosphate groups that are able to bond JQ1 manufacturer ionically with calcium in hydroxyapatite [22]. Adhesives containing 10-MDP are most commonly used in self-etch systems. These rely on polyfunctional adhesive molecules, which share a phosphate or phosphonate active group attached to a resin monomer. The effective bonding of self-etch adhesives has been attributed to their ability to demineralize

and infiltrate the tooth surface simultaneously and to the same depth, theoretically preventing incomplete penetration of the adhesive into the exposed collagen network [23]. Hydroxyapatite crystals remain available for the chemical bonding of functional monomers, which might contribute to the bonding stability [24]. Self-etch systems have been reported to be less technique-sensitive than other systems, thereby giving a more reliable clinical performance [25]. Another important clinical benefit of self-etch adhesives is the lower incidence of post-operative sensitivity experienced by patients, as they leave residual smear plugs that allow less dentinal fluid flow compared with etch-and-rinse selleck chemical adhesives (Table 1) [26]. Self-etch adhesives

exhibit different interaction reactions with the dentin substrates according to the pH of the adhesives. According to their acidity or etching aggressiveness, self-etch adhesives can be classified as strong (pH < 1), intermediate (pH ≓ 1.5) and mild (pH > 2) [27]. The morphological features of the hybrid layer produced by self-etch adhesives depend to a great extent on the ability of their functional monomers to demineralize the dental substrate. Strong self-etch adhesives with a pH of 1.0 or below dissolve smear layer completely and forming thick hybrid layers. The interfacial morphological features promoted by these adhesives on dental substrates resemble those of etch-and-rinse systems. Mild self-etch adhesives with a pH of around 2.0 demineralize dentin superficially to a depth of less than 1.0 μm and create thinner hybrid layer. Mild self-etch adhesives demineralize dentin only partially, leaving a substantial amount of hydroxyapatite crystals around the collagen fibrils.

Runx2 is another transcription SCH727965 molecular weight factor that is essential for osteoblastic differentiation in vivo [64]. Osterix was not expressed in Runx2−/− mice, but Runx2 was detected in Osterix−/− mice, suggesting that Osterix acts downstream of Runx2 [63]. These results indicate that BMPs induce bone formation via Runx2–Osterix

through a Smad-dependent signaling pathway. BMP-induced bone formation takes place not only under normal conditions but also under pathological conditions. Fibrodysplasia ossificans progressiva (FOP) is a dominant disorder characterized by progressive heterotopic bone formation in skeletal muscle [38], [47], [65] and [66]. Dysregulation of BMP activity was suggested to be involved in FOP because the process of heterotopic bone formation

via endochondral ossification in this disorder is similar to that induced by BMPs in skeletal muscle [65]. Several molecules have been suggested as candidates for mutations in patients with FOP. Finally, a recurrent mutation in the ACVR1/ALK2 gene was found in patients with both familial and sporadic cases of FOP [67]. The mutation find more was found at c.617 in the ACVR1/ALK2 gene and is responsible for an amino-acid substitution of arginine 206 to histidine (p.R206H) in the GS domain of ALK2. To date, more than 10 types of mutations in the intracellular domain of ALK2 have been identified in patients with FOP [47] and [68]. Over-expression of mutant ALK2 in C2C12 cells induced the phosphorylation of Smad1/5/8, as well as a luciferase reporter driven by the BRE of the Id1 gene, even in the absence of BMPs [44], [69] and [70]. Moreover, the osteoblastic differentiation of C2C12 cells was induced by the co-expression of mutant ALK2 and Clomifene Smad1 without adding BMPs [44], [69] and [70]. Chondrogenesis was also stimulated in vitro by mutant ALK2 in mesenchymal cells prepared from chick limb buds [71]. It was suggested that mutations in ALK2 activate

the kinase by reducing the binding affinity of the GS domain to FKBP12, a repressor of type I receptors [71] and [72]. These findings suggested that FOP is caused by a gain-of-function mutation in ALK2 and that administering small chemical inhibitors of the kinase might prevent heterotopic bone formation in FOP patients. Indeed, several compounds, including LDN-193189, have been developed to prevent BMP signaling using a mutant ALK2 [73]. Heterotopic bone formation within skeletal muscle suggests that skeletal muscle contains progenitor cells that can differentiate into chondrocytes and osteoblasts in response to BMP signaling. BMPs induce osteoblastic differentiation in myoblasts in vitro, suggesting that myogenic stem cells, such as satellite cells, are the potential progenitors of osteoblasts during heterotopic bone differentiation [37]. However, induction of the osteoblastic phenotype is not heritable in the absence of BMPs [37].

In this context, it was found that the Li present in the mushroom was more accessible than the same element in the psychiatric drug containing Li2CO3 (Fig. 2). Similar results were also reported by Elless et al. (2000) when comparing the solubility of Fe, Zn, Mn, Se and Cr present in Brassica juncea enriched with different doses of minerals with multimineral supplements. They verified that all of the minerals present in plant tissue were more accessible

and potentially more bioavailable than those in the supplements. In vitro digestion using gastric and intestinal fluids was conducted independently, to confirm the results of the sequential find more extraction. The in vitro digestion is a method to quantify the accessibility of nutrients but not the bioavailability; thus, not all of the accessible material is absorbed. Therefore, this method does not utilise most of the physiological factors that are involved in the uptake and utilisation of the nutrient. However, it has a low cost and allows for an accurate control of the variables, which makes it an important model for predicting bioavailability ( Glahn et al., 1998). Both results, including the sequential extraction and in vitro digestion, showed

that the accessibility of Li in the mushrooms was higher than the accessibility of psychiatric drug containing Li2CO3 ( Fig. 2, Table 3). According to Elless et al. (2000), the selleck inhibitor high pH of the intestinal fluid can precipitate cationic metals; however, metals associated Methane monooxygenase with the biomass of the fungus can be chelated with organic compounds, which rules out precipitation as one of the reasons for the greater accessibility of the Li was present in the mushrooms compared to that in the tested drug. Thus, using the digestion data that were obtained in the present study and assuming that

an adequate intake of Li is 1 mg d−1 (Aral & Vecchio-Sadus, 2008) and that its accessibility in the gastrointestinal tract is 70.51% (Table 3), the consumption of 10 g of dried mushrooms produced from coffee husks that are enriched with 500 mg kg−1 of LiCl would provide approximately 100% of the recommended intake. P. ostreatus mushroom enriched with lithium has high potential for being used as an alternative source of high accessibility of this microelement. The high concentration of the minerals in the biomass of the fungus was associated with a higher degree of accessibility in sequential extraction and in vitro digestion, in relation to a psychiatric drug containing Li2CO3. This result supports the use of Li-enriched mushrooms as a source of Li. Further research on the bioavailability of minerals in P. ostreatus mushrooms will provide important information about the effective absorption, physiological effects and influences of Li-enriched mushrooms in promoting and maintaining human health.

While the pumpkin slices were still hot, their peel was removed and their remaining pulp was crushed and homogenised in an industrial blender (Metvisa, Brusque, Brazil). The pulp samples were put into 260 ml glass bottles and then heat-treated in an autoclave at Selleckchem BAY 73-4506 121 °C for 20 min for commercial sterilisation. A headspace was left in all the bottles so that a partial vacuum was generated inside them. Besides the analysis that was performed on the final product (pumpkin puree), aliquots were removed before and after cooking (raw pumpkin and cooked pumpkin) for analysis of carotenoids. The collection of the aliquots was performed with a special care regarding the uniformity and the quantity

of the samples so that they STAT inhibitor were representative of the batch as a whole. To prevent any modification of carotenoids after collecting the samples, the aliquots were frozen and kept at −20 °C until required for analysis on the following day. The puree samples were stored in a ventilated environment that was protected from light and had its temperature and relative humidity monitored for 6 months. After specific periods of storage (0, 15, 30, 60, 90, 120, and 180 days), the samples were randomly picked for analysis of the changes in the carotenoids in the pumpkin puree samples. The method used for carotenoid

analysis was proposed by Kimura and Rodriguez-Amaya (2002) and used by Azevedo-Meleiro and Rodriguez-Amaya (2007) for carotenoid analysis on pumpkins. The extraction was performed with acetone (previously refrigerated for 2 h) on 10–20 g of sample, using a pestle and mortar until the residue became colourless, and after that the extract

was partitioned with petroleum ether. In the case of the C. maxima ‘Exposição’ samples, the extract was submitted to overnight saponification with methanolic KOH (10%, w/v), while in the case of C. moschata ‘Menina Brasileira’, where xanthophylls, which are oxy-carotenes, are in lower concentrations, saponification was not performed in order to Metformin minimise the loss which can occur in this step. The extracts were washed with distilled water and concentrated at low pressure in a rotoevaporator (Tecnal, TE-211, Piracicaba, Brazil), always at a temperature below 35 °C and using glass pearl for optimisation of the recovery in the re-dissolving process. In order to avoid errors during the carotenoid analysis, all the necessary precautions were taken as recommended by Rodriguez-Amaya (1999). The carotenoids were analysed in a liquid chromatograph, consisting of a pump and a degasser (LC-20AT), an autosampler injector (SIL-10 A), a column oven (CTO-20A) and a photodiode array (DAD) (SPD-M20A) controlled by a system controller (CBM-20A), all manufactured by Shimadzu Corporation, Kyoto, Japan. Detection with DAD was at the wavelengths of maximum absorption.

7 μmol Trolox/g fruit, pH 7.0) and ORAC (16.4 μmol Trolox/g fruit, pH 7.4) found in this study were also close to the ones obtained for juice samples of AZD2281 concentration different varieties of cherry, 20–26 μmol Trolox/g fruit for ABTS +, and 12–19 μmol Trolox/g fruit for ORAC, both at pH 7.4 (Blando, Gerardi, & Nicoletti, 2004). In summary, two very important classes of bioactive compounds were characterised in jambolão fruit, and for the first time the compositions of carotenoids and of non-anthocyanic phenolic compounds were reported. The free radical scavenging capacity

of the jambolão functional extract varied according to the pH values, with a tendency to increased activity at higher pH values. Regarding the protection against singlet oxygen, the functional extract showed higher antioxidant features as compared to those from other fruits rich in anthocyanins. The authors acknowledge Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo (FAPESP) and

Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES) for financial support. “
“The proanthocyanidins (PAs), also known as condensed tannins, are oligomers and polymers of flavan-3-ols, which are widely distributed in the plant kingdom. In particular, procyanidins consisting of catechin units [(+)-catechin and (−)-epicatechin], and prodelphinidins, based on gallocatechin units [(+)-gallocatechin and (−)-epigallocatechin], represent a ubiquitous group of plant phenolics (Prieur et al., 1994 and Souquet et al., 1996). There is a lack Tenofovir chemical structure of chemical studies on these groups, possibly due to the difficulties associated with determining tannins, given their polymeric nature and large structural diversity. In wine, flavan-3-ols are one of the major classes of flavonoids present. They are found in grape skin and seeds from which they are extracted into the must during vinification (Souquet et al., 1996). These compounds are particularly important in terms of the sensory characteristics of wines, such

as astringency and bitterness (Chira, Schmauch, Saucier, Fabre, & Teissedre, 2009), which are dependent on the structure and degree of polymerisation (Souquet et al., 1996). Moreover, it has been reported that PAs have high antioxidant capacity in vitro ( Mattivi et al., 2002, Raza and John, 2007 and Rigo et al., 2000) and in vivo ( Cirico & Omaye, 2006). Monomeric units of catechins, Amino acid including catechin itself, epicatechin, gallocatechin, and gallate esters, for instance, have been shown to increase plasma antioxidant capacity and the resistance of low-density lipoproteins (LDL) to oxidation ( Frankel, Waterhouse, & Teissedre, 1995). São Joaquim is a new wine growing region located in the high plains of Santa Catarina State, in southern Brazil. It is known in Brazil as the coldest place in the country, and it lies at the highest altitude (1200–1400 m) in relation to other viticulture regions in Brazil (Falcão et al., 2008a).

Consequently, the published studies should have been able to supply the definition and evidence that the results showed no treatment-related or toxicologically relevant changes. If an existing compound can’t predict the action of a GM crop on animal health, further investigation would be necessary. Known toxicity of single components of the GM crop may not define an overall toxicity of the entire crop. It is not clear whether the test for substantial equivalence is sufficient because it does not take into account the changes that could arise from the transformation process: (1) through the random insertion of the genes, (2) through the genetic

alterations made to the transferred genes as a result of the transformation process, (3) through the genetic HDAC phosphorylation alterations made to the plant as a result of the transformation process (Wilson et al., 2006), (4) through the insertion of several traits or genes into one crop or (5) through the alteration made to the genes encoding the desired trait prior to the transformation. Several of the reviewed publications do not adequately report their results. Some do not

even provide any results (Table 2). For example, the paper by Zhu et al. (2004) not only lacks a detailed methods section, but also limits its histopathological results to a simple statement that “although some slight lesions (such as slightly dilated alveolus cavity, pelvic dilation of the kidneys, slight disconnection of myocardial fibre and collapse of jejunum villi) occurred in rats examined, they were not treatment related.” Such a statement could imply that other SP600125 nmr changes may have been observed, but are not reported. Furthermore, this study does not mention the incidence or severity of any histopathological changes, including whether they occurred in the treatment or non-treatment group. For example, they do not state how many rats showed collapsed jejunum Ketotifen villi and whether these were more prevalent in one group or whether the collapsed

villi were more severe in one group. A lack of transparency in results does not allow other researchers to judge whether a certain finding is pathologically relevant. Another paper (Tutel’ian et al., 2010) indicated that they had performed a morphometric analysis of the small and large intestines, but they did not report the colon results. A lack of transparency is also evident in two other studies: 1) Hammond et al. (2004) report the findings from “only those tissues with an incidence of 2 or more findings”; and 2) Healy et al. (2008) state that “findings in other tissues with an incidence of 1/20 are not reported.” Neither of these papers provided a full account of pathologies present. Furthermore, Hammond et al. (2004) do not clearly state whether “incidence” pertains to two incidences per tissue or per rat. Such a lack of information does not ensure that the study and its results are reproducible or even comparable.

SPRT is optimal in the sense that it minimizes expected decision time for any given accuracy level, and maximizes accuracy for a given decision time ( Wald & Wolfowitz, 1948). Bogacz et al. (2006) have argued that optimality may be a hallmark of human cognitive control, the ability to adapt information processing from moment to moment depending on current goals. According to this view, the DDM may provide a privileged framework to study such control processes, and offers an interesting departure point to approach decision-making in conflicting situations. Two properties are predicted by the DDM when task difficulty (drift selleck kinase inhibitor rate) is manipulated. Those

properties have so consistently been observed in both detection1 and choice experiments that psychologists have proposed them to be psychological laws. First, the Selleck NVP-BKM120 mean and standard deviation (SD) of RT distributions increase at approximately the same rate when drift rate declines. Empirically, the linear relationship between the mean and SD of RT distributions holds for a broad range of paradigms and generally leads to very high correlations for each individual (Pearson’s r > .85; Luce, 1986 and Wagenmakers and Brown, 2007; hereafter referred to as Wagenmakers–Brown’s law). Second, the chronometric function

predicted by the DDM when the two alternatives are equiprobable is an hyperbolic tangent function of these the following form: MeanRT=aμtanhaμσ2+Terwhere a, μ, and σ2 are respectively the boundary, drift rate, and diffusion coefficient of the diffusion process ( Ratcliff, 1978). Ter is the non-decision time. For a suprathreshold range of stimulus intensities, this function mimics Piéron’s law (see Palmer, Huk, & Shadlen, 2005, Experiment 3). Piéron’s law states that mean RT decreases as a power function of the intensity of a stimulus according to: MeanRT=αI-β+γwhere α is a scaling

parameter, I represents stimulus intensity, γ the asymptotic RT, and β determines the rate of decay of the curve ( Piéron, 1913). Although initially investigated in the context of detection tasks (e.g., Chocholle, 1940), Piéron’s law has proven to hold in choice experiments ( Palmer et al., 2005, Pins and Bonnet, 1996, Stafford et al., 2011 and van Maanen et al., 2012). In conclusion, Piéron and Wagenmakers–Brown’s laws are consistent with the diffusion framework, and may reflect a general tendency of human decision-makers to approach optimal behavior. Besides “simple” situations, one often has to make decisions in a multiple stimuli environment, only some of those stimuli being relevant for the task at hand. One source of paradigms designed to study such situations are so-called conflict tasks. Empirical findings in these tasks converge toward an apparent stimulus–response (S–R) compatibility effect.

e., probability (of being selected in the sample) SCH 900776 order proportional to prediction according to Grosenbaugh, 1965). 3P-sampling is a well established and efficient sampling method, resulting in unbiased and thus reliable estimates (e.g., Schreuder et al., 1993). Although mainly used for estimating stand volume by selecting sample trees with a probability proportional to their estimated volume, it has also been used for estimating sparse species (Ringvall and Kruys, 2005) and needle mass (Eckmüllner and Sterba, 2000). Branches with a branch base diameter between 5 and 10 mm were not included in the 3P sample. All 24 selected branches per tree were weighed as a whole for determining

the total fresh mass of the branch (Mtotal). From 12 branches (4 per crown

section) the parts bearing no needles were discarded and the remaining fresh mass (green mass) was weighed again (gMtotal). For 9 trees one branch per crown section was selected randomly, and for each of these branches a random CAL-101 mouse sample of approx. 200 g from the gMtotal was weighed accurately (gMsample), filled into paper bags, and brought to the laboratory for further measurements to get the dry needle mass. There, these samples were dried for 12 h at 60 °C. After this, the needles were separated from the branches and twigs, and dried again for 12 h at 105 °C. After cooling to room temperature the needles were weighed to get the dry needle mass for the sample (dMNsample). To determine the total dry needle mass of each sample tree (dMNtree) we used the following steps: First Thiamet G we calculated the ratio of the green mass, gMtotal, to Mtotal, the total mass for 12 branches (4 of each crown section) of each of the 27 sample trees where we had determined gMtotal. equation(1) qgMM=gMtotalMtotalqgMM was then modelled for each tree separately, depending on the branch base diameter (bbd) and the respective crown third. equation(2)

qgMM=a+b⋅bbd+c⋅csl+d⋅csm+e⋅(bbd⋅csl)+f⋅(bbd⋅csm)qgMM=a+b⋅bbd+c⋅csl+d⋅csm+e⋅(bbd⋅csl)+f⋅(bbd⋅csm)where csl and csm are dummy variables for the lower crown section and the middle crown section, respectively. Furthermore, to determine the total dry needle mass of the selected branches (dMNtotal) we needed the ratio of dry needle mass and green mass which we got from the samples in the laboratory with the following equation: equation(3) qdg=dMNsamplegMsampleqdg was not modelled for each tree separately, but as one common model for each stand, i.e., from 27 branches per stand – one branch from each crown third of the 9 sub-sample trees per stand. equation(4) qdg=a+b⋅ln dbh+c⋅bbd+d⋅csl+e⋅csm+f⋅(csl⋅ln dbh)+g⋅(csm⋅ln dbh)+h⋅(csl⋅bbd)+i⋅(csm⋅bbd)where qdg is the ratio according to Eq. (3), dbh, the breast height diameter of the tree, bbd, the branch base diameter, and csm and csl the dummy variables for the respective crown third.

In this case, the same exposed area might generate different current values according to the depth of the fragment in the

root canals, where the reduced volume of the solution tends to limit the ionic conduction between anode and cathode. Consequently, further studies are necessary to investigate the dissolution process of file fragments localized in root canals, considering the depth of the fragment. Future research involving simulated root canals Selleck R428 and extracted human teeth would more closely simulate the dissolution of a NiTi fractured instrument in situ. The radiographs presented here showed a significant reduction of the fragment length as a result of polarization. However, the dissolution process observed here was less intensive than that presented by Ormiga et al (28). Those authors observed the total consumption of the file’s immersed portion in approximately 50 minutes. This discrepancy might be related to the difference between

the metal areas exposed to the solution in both studies. The total immersion of the file’s tip used by those authors generated a significantly larger area than that of the file’s surface cross section used here. It should be noted that the length of time tested here corresponds to 6 hours and is not clinically practical. Consequently, future studies are necessary to improve the conditions of dissolution. Some modifications in the electrolyte composition Mannose-binding protein-associated serine protease and pH as well as in the potential values applied would EPZ-6438 nmr be able to speed the dissolution process. The conclusion from the results presented here is that it is possible to obtain a significant dissolution of K3 NiTi endodontic instrument fragments by using the method proposed by Ormiga et al (28). The diameter of the surface of fragment exposed to the medium affects the current levels used to promote the dissolution, where

the larger is the diameter of the exposed surface cross section, the higher is the total value of electrical charge. The authors acknowledge the support of COPPETEC Foundation, FAPERJ, and CNPq. The authors deny any conflicts of interest related to this study. “
“Because of a production error, in the article titled “Long-term Survival of Indirect Pulp Treatment Performed in Primary and Permanent Teeth with Clinically Diagnosed Deep Carious Lesions” published in J Endod 2010;36:1490–1493, R.J.M. Gruythuysen, DDS, PhD, and A.J.P. van Strijp, DDS, PhD, were identified as Rene Gruythuysen, DDS, PhD, and Guus van Strijp, DDS, PhD, and some of the authors’ corrections were omitted. The relevant portions are reproduced below with the corrections inserted. As reported in the present study and in other investigations (5, 7), clinical outcomes achieved by IPT, as treatment for asymptomatic pulpal inflammation, were not inferior to those of pulpectomy treatment (15, 19, 21).