The average cell size was similar between the genotypes and stable over the observation period. Quantification of ChAT-positive synaptic boutons The quantitative evaluation of synaptic boutons was carried out by confocal analysis. Projection of section images (0.68 μm) obtained from a Z-plane screening of each sample was maximized to obtain single image of uniform thickness (10 μm) that contained the whole motoneuronal soma. We counted both

the number of large ChAT-positive varicosities and the synaptotagmin-positive Inhibitors,research,lifescience,medical large terminals apposing the soma of the MNs per perimeter using the Metamorph 2.0 software. The evaluation included 24–36 MNs per spinal cord at L4 level (in 3–4 animals per phenotype). Molecular Selleckchem TGFbeta inhibitor analysis Half lumbar spinal cord from WT and transgenic animals at different ages were obtained and processed for either RNA or protein analysis. Protein was obtained by collecting the tissue in lysis buffer (20 mmol/L HEPES [4-(2-hydroxyethyl)-1-piperazineethanesulfonic acid

buffer], 250 mmol/L sucrose, 1 Inhibitors,research,lifescience,medical mmol/L EGTA [ethylene glycol tetraacetic acid], 1 mmol/L EDTA [ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid], pH 7.4). Lysates were homogenated with Pellet pestle (Sigma, St Louis, MO) and spin at 800g. An equal amount of protein (20 μg/lane) was resolved in 10% SDS-PAGE (sodium dodecyl Inhibitors,research,lifescience,medical sulfate polyacrylamide gel) and electrotransferred to PVDF (polyvinylidene difluoride) membranes (Millipore). Membranes were blocked with 6% nonfat dry milk in PBS (140 mmol/L NaCl, 2.7 mmol/L KCl, 4.3 mmol/L Na2HPO4·H2O, and 1.5 mmol/L KH2PO4) for 1 h at room temperature and incubated Inhibitors,research,lifescience,medical overnight with the corresponding primary antibody, ChAT (1:1000, Chemicon), or actin (1:10,000, Sigma). After several washing, membranes were incubated for 1 h with an appropriate secondary antibody conjugated with horseradish peroxidase (1:3000, anti-mouse-HRP; Dako, Denmark) and anti-rabbit-HRP (Invitrogen, Carlsbad, CA). Blots were developed using a chemiluminiscent mix 1:1 (0.5 mol/L luminol, 79.2 mmol/L p-coumaric acid, 1 mol/L Tris-HCl pH 8.5 and 8.8 mol/L hydrogen peroxide, 1 mol/L Tris-HCl pH 8.5) and exposed Inhibitors,research,lifescience,medical to enzymatic chemiluminiscence

(ECL) films (Amersham Pharmacia Biotech, Buckinghamshire, UK). The apparent molecular weight of proteins was determined by calibrating the blots with prestained molecular Casein kinase 1 weight marker (All Blue, Pierce). Densitometry was carried out using ImageJ program. The other half of the tissue was obtained in RNAlater (Qiagen, Valencia, CA) and processed with Quiagen easy kit following manufacturer instructions. One microgram of RNA was reverse transcribed using 10 mmol/L DTT, 200 U Superscript II RNase H reverse transcriptase (Invitrogen, Foster City, CA), 10 U RNase Out Ribonuclease Inhibitor (Invitrogen) and 1 mol/L oligo(dT), 1 mol/L of random hexamers (BioLabs, Beverly, MA). The reverse transcription cycle conditions were 25°C for 10 min, 42°C for 1 h, and 72°C for 10 min.