“
“Objectives: The purpose of this study was to conduct a prospective assessment of preoperative anxiety in adolescents
undergoing surgery.
Aim: To systematically conduct a multimodal evaluation of preoperative anxiety in adolescents undergoing surgery.
Background: The existing literature on preoperative anxiety in children has overwhelmingly ignored adolescents in the surgical setting, yet adolescents may be at risk for under treatment Lonafarnib molecular weight of preoperative anxiety.
Methods: A total of 59 adolescents aged 11-18 were recruited. Behavioral and physiological manifestations of anxiety were assessed with a visual analog scale and an ambulatory physiological data recorder that collected heart rate (HR), skin conductance level (SCL), and blood pressure data. Baseline emotional and behavioral functioning (child behavior checklist [CBCL]) as well as temperament (early adolescent temperament questionnaire-revised – parent version) and other potential risk factors were also assessed.
Results: Over 80% of adolescents reported significant anxiety at the time of induction. Self-reported anxiety increased significantly at each time point (holding, separation from parents, and mask introduction), P = 0.001. Significant increases in both HR (P = 0.02) and SCL (P < 0.001) were found from holding to mask introduction.
Several risk factors were found to predict higher anxiety at mask introduction, including AZD6244 baseline anxiety and depression (CBCL, Internalizing, LDN-193189 mouse P = 0.04), somatizing problems (P = 0.05), and fearful temperament (P = 0.03).
Conclusions: A large proportion
of adolescents experience significant anxiety that increases from the preoperative holding area to anesthesia induction. Underlying baseline anxiety and depression as well somatization and fearful temperament are predictors of this phenomenon.”
“BACKGROUNDBiodiesel production is not economically competitive with petroleum diesel particularly when using virgin and refined vegetable oils. Rich-in-oil miscella obtained from the extraction of soybean oil with ethanol may be a promising feedstock for taking off the refining process, simultaneously introducing an environmental friendly step by replacing hexane by ethanol as a renewable solvent in the oil extraction process. The aim of this study was to investigate the production of biodiesel from the oil-ethanol miscella by direct transesterification using Novozym (R) 435 as catalyst and ethanol as acyl acceptor; simultaneously optimizing the process by response surface methodology and enzyme reuse.
RESULTSThe best experimental conditions indicated by the empirical model were temperature 40 degrees C, oil:ethanol molar ratio 1:4.5 and catalyst concentration 9.5% for 24h, reaching 85.4% fatty acid ethylic esters (FAEE) yield.