Depending on the extent of both the underlying infection and the host response, including compensatory anti-inflammatory

HM781-36B research buy responses [43], these events can lead to septic shock, a condition in which poor perfusion can lead to major organ failure and death. In conjunction with rapid administration of antibiotics, early goal-directed therapy to normalize hemodynamic indices has been shown to limit mortality in septic patients, particularly if it is initiated within six hours of clinical presentation [36]. Resuscitation via intravenous administration of fluids is a key component of this approach, and can be undertaken with either crystalloids or colloids [31]. The former are solutions of mineral salts (e.g., normal saline or Ringer’s lactate), while the latter also contain osmotically active macromolecules of either natural (e.g., albumin) or artificial (e.g., hydroxyethyl starches) origin. Randomized clinical trials have shown that albumin was equivalent

to saline in critically ill patients, including a sepsis sub-group [9], while excess renal failure or mortality [3, 32, 28] Carfilzomib mw has been associated with the use of starch products as compared to crystalloids. In spite of progress associated with the adoption of early goal-directed therapy and aggressive fluid resuscitation, a heavy burden of illness remains, as evidenced by the increasing incidence of sepsis [35]. An improved resuscitation fluid for septic patients would be one in which the macromolecule was not only

osmotically active, like most plasma proteins, but also conferred additional benefits without causing harm such as that associated with hydroxyethyl starch products [28]. Demeclocycline AGP is one such plasma protein, since it has been suggested to assist in the maintenance of capillary permeability, by increasing the charge selectivity of the endothelium [14, 18, 40, 6]. AGP is a glycosylated positive acute phase protein whose upregulation during inflammation may also be indicative of an anti-inflammatory role [13]. Administration of bovine AGP has been reported to increase survival rates in mice challenged with lethal doses of Klebsiella pneumonia [15]. Addition of human AGP to the resuscitation protocol, in a rat model of hemorrhagic shock, increased blood volume and decreased edema formation [20]; similarly human AGP administration reduced mortality in a rat model of septic peritonitis [26]. The liver plays an important role in responding to infectious challenges, in part due to its filtering of blood draining the gastrointestinal tract and the spleen, brought to the organ via the hepatic portal vein [19]. In addition, it serves as a source of inflammatory mediators [7], and is an important modulator of multiple organ dysfunction syndrome [22].