TUNEL+ cells in the bone marrow were significantly reduced by PTH compared with control (h). *p < 0.05; **p < 0.01; ***p < 0.001 versus control (VC-VC); † p < 0.05; †† p < 0.01 versus the ALN/DEX-VC group PTH promoted tooth BMN 673 order extraction wound healing

after ALN/DEX treatment Next, treatment effects were assessed in the jaw. In the interradicular bone near the tooth extraction site (Fig. 1c), the ALN/DEX treatment resulted in significantly higher bone volume and BMD than control (Fig. 5a). The average bone anabolic effect of PTH was significantly higher in the VC than ALN/DEX treatment group. In the tooth extraction sockets, bone fill and BMD were significantly higher in the ALN/DEX treatment groups than controls (Fig. 5b). PTH significantly enhanced bone fill and BMD regardless check details of the presence or absence of the ALN/DEX treatment. However, the average PTH bone anabolic effect was significantly less in the ALN/DEX vs. VC treatment group, again indicating that the ALN/DEX treatment suppressed bone anabolism by PTH in the tooth extraction wounds. Fig. 5 Treatment effect

on the maxillae. a The result of microCT assessment of undisturbed maxillae. Regardless of treatment, significantly higher bone mass and BMD were found in the treatment groups vs. control. The ALN/DEX treatment significantly increased trabecular thickness and decreased trabecular separation compared with control. No PTH anabolic effect was observed after the ALN/DEX treatment, EPZ015938 cell line while PTH increased bone mass significantly after VC. b The result of microCT assessment of tooth extraction wounds. Both the ALN/DEX and PTH treatments resulted in significantly

higher bone mass, trabecular thickness, and BMD than control. Although PTH significantly increased bone mass and BMD after ALN/DEX, an average increase in bone mass by PTH was significantly smaller after ALN/DEX than VC. *p < 0.05; **p < 0.01; ***p < 0.001 versus control (VC-VC); † p < 0.05 versus the ALN/DEX-VC group PTH rescued ALN/DEX-associated deterred tooth extraction wound healing Tooth extraction wound healing was assessed histomorphometrically. Representative photomicrographs of the trichrome-stained sections of the tooth extraction wounds at 2 weeks post-extractions are shown Mirabegron in Fig. 6a. Open wounds with exposed bone were noted in six rats in the ALN/DEX-VC group and 1 rat in the ALN/DEX-PTH group. In vehicle control (VC-VC), three rats showed open wounds, while no open wound was noted in the VC-PTH group. PTH administration after tooth extractions promoted healing regardless of the presence or absence of the ALN/DEX treatment with significant improvement after the ALN/DEX treatment. TA was defined as the portion of the maxilla surrounding the roots of M2 (Fig. 1d) and bone area (BA/TA) was assessed. The histomorphometric assessment revealed significantly higher bone area in the ALN/DEX-VC, ALN/DEX-PTH and VC-PTH groups vs. control (Fig. 6b), which was consistent with the microCT findings (Fig. 5b).