transcription of effector genes. Transcripts related to oxidative stress and chaperon proteins Scavenging AZD9291 mw and enzymatic activities protect the living cells from various stress factors, from endogenous reac tive oxygen species produced for instance by the mitochondrial respiratory chain to the oxidative burst consequent to pathogen recognition at the cell surface. Partial or complete coding sequences of M. gal loprovincialis super oxide dismutase, catalase, glutathione transferase, peroxisomal thiolase and polya mine oxidase have been reported. In Mytibase, numerous MGCs putatively identify enzymes such as amine oxidases, dehydrogenases, peroxidases, mitochon drial oxidases and reductases.

In addition to SOD and glutathione per oxidases many mussel sequences are featured by the thioredoxin fold domain, typical of proteins regulating the redox state of cellular thiol groups such as the thioredoxin like reductases. Interestingly, more than 30 MGCs indicate heat shock proteins of different sizes and related binding factors, mostly known to be modulated following immunostimulation. Transcripts identifying proteases, protease inhibitors and proteasome components Proteases of various subfamilies and related inhibitors are essential in organism growth and development. Proteolytic reactions typically occur in the complement, coagulation and ProPO cascades, during apoptotic cell death, antimicrobial peptide synthesis and degradation of pathogen components within the lysosomal, cytosolic and extracellular compartments.

For instance, the insect clip domain SP can act as cofactor or negatively regulate the melanization response, with a repertoire of 45 and 68 genes in Droso phila melanogaster and Aedes aegypti, respectively. Cleavage of viral and host factors operated by granule associated SP slows down viral replication and induces the apoptotic elimination Batimastat of infected mam malian cells. Caspases of the cysteine protease family also act in the proteolytic cascade of the apopto sis and, via NFkB signalling, regulate inflammatory responses in Drosophila. Specific enzyme inhibitors are expected to modulate the same biological processes but also inhibit pathogen growth and invasive behaviour. In fact, trypsin and chy motrypsin inhibitor levels correlate with the plant resis tance to pathogens, and in the basal metazoan Hydra magnipapillata the bactericidal activity of a kazal type SP inhibitor possibly compensates the absence of migra tory phagocytic cells.

In Mytibase, as much as 57 and 14 domains denote proteases proteinases peptidases and their inhibitors, respectively. Many MGCs indicate inherently secreted serine type endopeptidases of the chymotrypsin Hap family, SP inhibitors with Kazal like repeats customer reviews or BIR repeats, with the latter belonging to the Inhibitor of Apoptosis family. Other MGCs point to cysteine caspase like peptidases, astacin like zinc metallopeptidases and related inhibitors. More than 60 MGCs denote ubiquitin, ubiquitin related and proteasom