This study quantified variability in macrofauna, micro-algae, and physical and biochemical properties of sediments over scales from 50 cm to

km, The benthos was most variable at small scales and, even where there were large mean differences in abundance at large scales, these were small compared to the variation from plot to plot along a shore. Only 1 of 24 analyses showed larger variation at the scale of km than that found at 50 cm. Some measures of microphytobenthos showed large variation at the scale of 100s m or more, but other measures of the same flora did not show similar patterns. Concentrations of sand were consistent at different depths and at large scales, but concentrations selleckchem of mud were more variable within than among shores. Neither sand nor mud correlated significantly with most biochemical

properties of sediments. For sediments, variation at the scale of km was only larger than GNS-1480 mw that of 50 cm in 13 of 57 analyses. To understand the relative importance of ecological processes in determining distributions and abundances, it is important to get quantitative data on the scales at which organisms or habitats vary. These are the scales at which ecological processes are likely to have large effects because large-scale processes are unlikely to explain variation at much smaller scales. The importance of small-scale variability in sediments

and the associated biota is discussed in terms of sampling protocols for understanding ecological processes, or for assessing impact or restoration.”
“The surface and mechanical properties of hybrid films of waterborne polyurethane (WPU) and fluorinated see more polymethacrylate (FPMA), and high-hydrophobic silica (SiO2) contained hybrid films of FPMA/WPU were investigated. X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy confirmed that the surfaces of hybrid films exhibited notable fluorine enrichment. Scanning electron microscopy observation demonstrated that micro-scale rough structures consisted of sub-micro papillae and micro-scale wrinkles formed on the surfaces of FPMA/WPU. This was attributed to the enhanced phase separation of WPU and the incompatibility of low-surface-energy FPMA and WPU. Colloidal SiO2 was modified by polydimethylsiloxane and the modified SiO2 was reactive and high-hydrophobic. After the addition of reactive SiO2, the rough structures became micro-scale striped wrinkles studded with nano- and sub-micro papillae formed by the high-hydrophobic SiO2. The combination of the fluorine enrichment and the rough structures accounted for the high hydrophobic FPMA/WPU film and superhydrophobic SiO2/FPMA/WPU film. (C) 2013 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.”
“The K-ras mutation in pancreatic cancer can inhibit drug delivery and increase drug resistance.