This scale was used to facilitate comparisons with other studies using the SOGS. In addition, PRGs were interviewed with section T of the Diagnostic Interview Schedule to assess the diagnostic criteria for DSM-IV-TR Pathological Gambling. AUDs were included when meeting DSM-IV-TR criteria for alcohol abuse or dependence assessed with section J of the Dutch version of the Clinical International Diagnostic Inventory (CIDI; World Health Organisation, 1997). A measure of alcohol problem severity was obtained with the Alcohol Use Disorders Identification Test (AUDIT; Bush et al., 1998). Furthermore,

see more to ensure that all participants were detoxified from alcohol, AUD participants had to be fully abstinent for at least Selleck beta-catenin inhibitor two weeks to be included in the study (mean abstinence duration: 18 days), which was assessed by self-report. HCs and PRGs were asked to limit their alcohol use to a maximum of 2 alcoholic consumptions the day before the study. Furthermore, the urine screen for alcohol (and other drugs, see below), assessed at the testing day, had to be negative. Exclusion criteria for all groups were: lifetime diagnosis of schizophrenia or psychotic episodes, 12-month diagnosis of manic disorder (CIDI, section F),

OCD (CIDI, section E), and post-traumatic stress disorder (CIDI, section K), other substance use disorders than those under study (except for nicotine) (CIDI, section L), treatment for mental disorders other than those under study in the past 12 months, use of psychotropic medication, difficulty reading Dutch, age under 18 years, IQ below

80 (measured by the Dutch Adult Reading Test; Schmand et al., 1991), positive urine screen for alcohol, amphetamines, benzodiazepines, opioids or cocaine, history or current treatment for neurological disorders, major internal disorders, brain trauma, or exposure to neurotoxic factors. Groups were mutually exclusive with regard to the psychiatric disorder medroxyprogesterone under study, i.e. PRGs and HCs did not drink more than 21 standard units (10 g) of alcohol per week and AUDs and HCs did not gamble more than twice a year. Participants were allowed to smoke. MRI was performed on a 3.0 T Intera MR system (Philips Medical Systems, Best, the Netherlands) with a standard SENSE multichannel receiver head coil. The anatomical scan consisted of 170 coronal slices with a three-dimensional T1-weighted gradient-echo sequence (flip angle 8°; repetition time = 9 ms; echo time = 4.20 ms; matrix, 256 × 256 pixels; voxel size, 1.00 mm × 1.00 mm × 1.00 mm). 3D geometry correction was performed during reconstruction of the images.