These principles have long been recognized Olaparib cell line by Ethical Review Committees and Institutional Animal Care and Use Committees as pivotal to their consideration of research protocols. As stated above, they are highlighted in the Guide as well as the EU Directive, both of which act as key references

for animal care and use worldwide. But the manner and extent of implementation of the 3Rs in animal-based research generally, and neuroscience in particular, vary considerably, and not all neuroscience investigators regard the 3Rs as either helpful or binding, much less as appropriate standards to be applied internationally. Since the ever-increasing globalization of scientific inquiry is leading to both greater collaboration and greater competition among scientists LY2835219 mw world-wide, a clear, consistent and balanced approach to the use of animals in research is becoming more necessary. Variation in practice in the use of animals makes collaboration,

the pooling of data and copublication of results more difficult. And it would surely be unacceptable if cutting ethical corners in the use of animals could give scientists an edge in competition with rival groups. Harmonization is called for, but the debate is whether this requires internationally mandated research standards and policies in relation to principles such as the 3Rs. Put simply, is there a need for neuroscientists internationally to promote implementation of the 3Rs? And would this limit or enhance the quality of their science? Some neuroscientists urge caution in considering harmonization of any standards applied to the use of animals in science. They argue that shared principles already exist across the scientific community and that, while there is value in identifying areas of agreement, a divergence of practice within a strong overall ethical framework is desirable. Proper evaluation and reporting on the outcome of such diverse practices could be the optimal route to best practice. While the goal of the 3Rs serves as a worthy

guideline for all neuroscientists, Thymidine kinase some researchers caution against embedding the 3Rs as a core value, perceiving a risk of raising false and unrealizable expectations or possibly jeopardizing important medical progress. On the other hand, some neuroscientists take the view that a key consideration for the animals used in their research is to minimize pain and distress and to improve well-being in accordance with their science. The 3Rs are seen by them as a powerful mnemonic for ethically appropriate behavior. This broad spectrum of views within the neuroscience community reflects the range of interpretations held by the authors of this opinion piece. However, we have become convinced of the value of sharing these views in a transparent manner and, through dialog, moving toward common ground.