Table 1. Prevalence of lifetime daily smoking, heavy smoking, nicotine dependence, and difficulty quitting across the anxiety disorders with bivariate and multivariate analyses predicting smoking variables We also examined whether anxiety disorder onset preceded or followed regular smoking initiation. A majority of those with a lifetime Vandetanib history of regular smoking and anxiety disorder diagnosis indicated that they first started smoking regularly prior to the age at which they developed their disorder (PTSD: 56.9%, GAD: 67.8%, and PD: 53.5%), though most smokers with SAD (81.3%) reported the onset of their disorder prior to the age at which they first smoked. These differences are likely attributed to the very early age of onset reported for people with SAD (M = 11.66, SD = 7.2).

Twelve-month smoking behavior and anxiety disorders Next, similar analyses were conducted with the exception that 12-month diagnoses and smoking history were considered. Bivariate analyses indicated significant associations between each anxiety disorder and daily smoking, heavy smoking, and nicotine dependence status. Multivariate analyses in which demographic variables and anxiety disorder diagnoses were entered simultaneously revealed persistent and unique associations between each anxiety disorder and increased risk for daily smoking, though only PTSD and GAD were associated with increased risk for heavy smoking and PTSD, GAD, and SAD were associated with increased risk for nicotine dependence.

Furthermore, when also controlling for depression and alcohol and drug abuse/dependence, the findings remained the same with the exception that SAD and GAD were no longer associated with higher prevalence rates of daily smoking. Table 2 presents findings from these analyses. Table 2. Prevalence of 12-month daily smoking, heavy smoking, and nicotine dependence across the anxiety disorders with bivariate and multivariate analyses predicting Dacomitinib smoking variables Smoking behavior and panic attacks We also tested the associations between panic attacks and smoking outcomes. Bivariate associations between 12-month panic attack history and smoking outcomes are presented in Table 3. Analyses indicated significant associations among panic attacks and daily and heavy smoking status and nicotine dependence. Multivariate analyses also were conducted in which demographics and anxiety disorders were covaried. PD diagnosis was not included in these analyses, given its redundancy with panic attack history. Panic attack history remained significantly associated with smoking variables. Further analyses using substance use and depression as additional covariates were also conducted. Again, panic attack history was found to be uniquely associated with each smoking variable. Table 3.