Recently, Kessenblock et al [7] reported that neutrophil extrace

Recently, Kessenblock et al. [7] reported that neutrophil extracellular traps, which contained MPO and nuclear fragments in the chromatin fibers and are released from ANCA-stimulated neutrophils, result in glomerular capillary necrosis in ANCA-associated GN. We concluded that extracellular MPO released from activated MPO-positive cells, and in situ immune complexes composed of MPO and MPO antibody, may play a pathogenic role in glomerular capillary injury in the early stage of MPO-ANCA-associated NGN. Acknowledgments This study was supported by a Grant-in-Aid for Progressive Renal Disease Research, Research learn more on Intractable Disease, and the Research Group of Intractable Vasculitis, from the Ministry of Health, Labor and Welfare

of Japan. Conflict of interest All SU5416 price the authors have declared no competing interest. Open AccessThis article is distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License which permits any use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author(s) and the source are credited. References 1. Charles LA, Caldas ML, Falk RJ, Terrell RS, Jennette JC. Antibodies against granule proteins activate neutrophils in vitro. J Leukoc Biol. 1991;50:539–46.PubMed 2. Minoshima S, Arimura Y, Nakabayashi K, Kitamoto K, Nagasawa T, Ishida A, Suzuki K. Increased release of myeloperoxidase in vitro from neutrophils of patients with myeloperoxidase-specific

anti-neutrophil cytoplasmic antibody (MPO-ANCA) related glomerulonephritis. Nephrology. 1997;3:527–34.CrossRef 3. Arimura Y, Minoshima S, Kamiya K, Tanaka U, Nakabayashi K, Kitamoto K, Nagasawa T, Sakaki T, Suzuki K. Serum myeloperoxidase and serum cytokines in anti-myeloperoxidase antibody-associated glomerulonephritis. Clin Nephrol. 1993;40:256–64.PubMed 4. Fujii A, Tomizawa K, Arimura Y, Nagasawa T, Ohashi Y, Hiyama T, Mizuno S, Suzuki K. Epitope analysis of myeloperoxidase specific anti-neutrophil cytoplasmic autoantibodies

in MPO-ANCA selleck compound associated glomerulonephritis. Clin Nephrol. 2000;53:242–52.PubMed 5. Kawashima S, Arimura Y, Nakabayashi K, Yamada A. MPO-positive cell and extracellular MPO in glomeruli of MPO-ANCA associated glomerulonephritis. Jpn J Nephrol. 2009;51:56–67. 6. Kawashima S, Arimura Y, Sano K, Kudo A, Komagata Y, Kaname S, Kawakami H, Yamada A: Immunopathologic co-localization of MPO, IgG, and C3 in glomeruli in human MPO-ANCA-associated glomerulonephritis. Clin Nephrol. 2013 (in press). 7. Kessenblock K, Krumbholz M, Lonafarnib chemical structure Schonermarck U, Back W, Gross WL, Werb Z, Grone HJ, Brinkmann V, Jenne DE. Netting neutrophils in autoimmune small-vessel vasculitis. Nat Med. 2009;15(6):623–5.CrossRef 8. Haas M, Eustace JA. Immune complex deposits in ANCA-associated crescentic glomerulonephritis: a study of 126 cases. Kidney Int. 2004;65(6):2145–52.PubMedCrossRef 9. Brouwer E, Huitema MG, Klok PA, de Weerd H, Tervaert JW, Weening JJ, Kallenberg CG. Antimyeloperoxidase-associated proliferative glomerulonephritis: an animal model. J Exp Med.

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