Its use as a standardized nomenclature in clinical and radiographic research may be recommended.”
“Congenital anomalies of the kidney and urinary tract (CAKUT) occur at a frequency of 1 in 500 live births and

are a GSK2126458 common cause of renal insufficiency in childhood. CAKUT encompass a wide spectrum of malformations including anomalies of the kidney, collecting system, bladder and urethra. Most cases of CAKUT are sporadic and limited to the urinary tract, but some of them are syndromic or associated with positive family history. To understand the basis of human renal anomalies, knowledge of kidney and urinary tract development is necessary. This process is very complicated, requires precise integration of a variety of progenitor cell populations of diverse embryonic origins and is controlled by many factors at every stage of development. selleck chemicals This review focuses on the genetic factors leading to developmental errors of important morphogenetic processes, particularly in metanephric kidney induction and ureteric bud branching. The essential results of genetic studies in regard to CAKUT, performed on experimental models and in humans, are presented. However, further investigations are required to complete understanding of the complex molecular network, which

will help us to determine novel preventive and therapeutic strategies for CAKUT.”
“Objective. This study aimed to compare the value of sentinel lymph node biopsy (SLNB) with that of elective neck dissection (END) for the prediction of cervical lymph node metastasis in patients with clinically diagnosed T1-2N0 (cT(1-2)N(0)) oral tongue squamous cell carcinoma (OTSCC), and it aimed to examine the

prognostic value of individualized treatment in sentinel lymph node (SLN)-negative patients.

Study Design. The study entailed a retrospective review of 82 patients with cT(1-2)N(0) OTSCC. Thirty patients underwent SLNB, and 52 patients underwent END.

Results. There was a significant difference between the SLNB and END groups in the incidence of occult cervical lymph node metastasis in initial specimens (30% vs 11.5%; P = .037). However, there were no significant differences between the groups for 10-year overall and cervical recurrence-free survival rates and 10-year overall survival rate.

Conclusions. PFTα cell line SLNB is superior to END for the prediction of cervical lymph node metastasis in patients with cT(1-2)N(0) OTSCC. Neck dissection may be reduced for SLN-negative patients, owing to the comparable prognosis of SLNB.”
“Although substantial research effort has focused on developing pharmacological treatments for cocaine abuse, no effective medications have been developed. Recent studies show that enzymes that metabolize cocaine in the periphery, forestalling its entry into the brain, can prevent cocaine toxicity and its behavioral effects in rodents.