However this activity could be associated

with a feature for invasion of ureaplasma. Figure 3 Phospholipase C measured in Ureplasma diversum strains studied. The absorbant was measured at 405 nm after incubation or 24 hours 37°C in UB broth with pNPPC. Discussion Adhesion Repotrectinib and invasion has been studied in a few mollicutes, most being human-originated species. Adhesion is considered an important feature to pathogenesis of these bacteria, and the invasion, a subsequent event, has been described in phagocytic or non phagocytic cells. Therefore chronic and recurrent mycoplasmosis may be explained in part by the reported failures of antibiotic treatments and immune response escape [3]. Vancini & Benchimol [13] reported M. hominis invasion in Trichomonas vaginalis and escaped from the vacuolization of TGF-beta/Smad inhibitor trichomonad cytosol. This finding adds to understanding the challenging features of mollicute biology and their transmission among the hosts. Consistent with other studied mollicutes, the infection described herein with U. diversum in Hep-2 cells allowed for identifying this ureaplasma as another mammalian cell invader and may also explain and support prior findings on some ureaplasmal infections in bovines. CSLM has been used to detect mollicute invasion in non phogocytic cells confirming click here its advantage in detecting U. diversum invasion. The gentamicin invasion assay also confirmed this finding. U.

diversum was detected in Hep-2 cells one minute after infection. M. penetrans has been observed as early as 20 minutes after infection in HeLa cells [14], while in HEp-2 cells, the invasion occurred after Rolziracetam 2 hours of infection [4]. Cell internalization after 20 minutes was also detected for M. genitalium in HeLa cells, and the mycoplasmas remained inside the cells for 7 days [15]. Winner et al. [9] observed penetration of M. gallisepticum in HeLa-229 and CEF cells occurred as early as five minutes

after infection, and the intracellular mycoplasmas increased after 2 hours. Ureaplasmas have not been previously reported as cell invaders and have never been compared in their invasion rate. In the present study, U. diversum showed a hasty invasion in Hep-2 cells. Mollicute reference strains and the clinical isolates showed that these bacteria may have differences in growth and behavior when inoculated in animals or cell cultures [9, 16]. The high passage strains have been described as more adapted to axenic growth in contrast to the low passage clinical isolates that have shown to be more aggressive in experimental infections [17]. Even in erythrocytes, HeLa-229 and CEF cells M. gallisepticum R low strain exhibited the highest invasion frequencies than the high passage strain [9, 17]. The authors suggested a loss or switching off of the genetic information in this species for the invasion process in the high passage strains.