However,

for H = 14 T, this anomalous behavior disappears and the magnetization smoothly approaches saturation down to 5 K. The magnetic cubic anisotropy constant for different Bi contents, determined by a “”law of approach”" to saturation, was found to be smaller than those values for pure cobalt ferrite nanoparticles and strongly dependent on temperature. A discussion on the implications of the anomalous behavior in the determination of the anisotropy constant in these sample materials is also presented. (c) 2011 American Institute of Physics. [doi:10.1063/1.3565406]“
“Anthropogenic activity is Proteasomal inhibitor currently leading to dramatic transformations of ecosystems and losses of biodiversity. The recognition that these ecosystems provide services that are essential for human well-being has led to a major interest in the forms of the biodiversity-ecosystem functioning relationship. However, there is a lack of studies examining the impact of climate change on these relationships and it remains unclear

how multiple climatic drivers may affect levels of ecosystem functioning. selleck compound Here, we examine the roles of two important climate change variables, temperature and concentration of atmospheric carbon dioxide, on the relationship between invertebrate species richness and nutrient release in a model benthic estuarine system. We found a positive relationship between invertebrate species richness and the levels of release of NH4-N into the water column, but no effect of species richness on the release of PO4-P. Higher temperatures

and greater concentrations of atmospheric carbon dioxide had a negative impact on nutrient release. Importantly, we found significant interactions between the climate variables, indicating that reliably Ricolinostat predicting the effects of future climate change will not be straightforward as multiple drivers are unlikely to have purely additive effects, resulting in increased levels of uncertainty.”
“The effect of carrageenan concentration on thermal phase transitions of the iota carrageenan gels was investigated by using fluorescence technique. During heating and cooling processes, scattered light, I(sc), and fluorescence intensity, I(p), were monitored against temperature to investigate phase transitions. Transition temperatures from the derivative of the transition paths were determined. Two regions were observed during the heating and cooling processes. At the first step of the heating, dimers were converted into double helix by undergoing dimer to double helix (d-h) transition. At the higher temperature region, double helix to coil (h-c) transition took place. During the cooling process, these transitions are arranged in the order of coil to double helix (c-h) and double helix to dimer (h-d). A hysteresis was observed between (h-d) and (d-h) transitions.