For the same value of D(P, Q), the shape, position, and orientation of the two point sets can be very different with respect to each other. Even if one single point of the two point sets overlap, the metric will take the value zero. Since this metric has obvious shortcomings, we did not not consider it for our purpose of comparing maps.The error criterion we propose for measuring the closeness or similarity between sets P and Q overcomes the shortcomings of the minimin function in Equation (2) by taking into account all of the points in the two sets:��mean=12(1N1��i=1N1minqi��Qd(pi,qj)+1N2��j=1N2minpj��Pd(pi,qj))(3)The distance of every point in set P to the nearest point in set Q is found and averaged, and vice versa. The two terms in Equation (3) are averaged so that the criterion is symmetric with respect to P and Q.

For the simple example in Figure 1(a) where N1 = 3 and N2 = 2, the error is ��mean=d(p1,q1)+d(p2,q2)+d(p3,q2)6+d(p1,q1)+d(p2,q2)4. If the two sets of points are completely coincident, the average distance between the two sets will be zero. If one set is a subset of the other, there will be some error. Had an asymmetric criterion been employed, say including only the first (or the second) term in Equation (3), the error would have been zero when P Q (or Q P). The case when P Q is illustrated in Figure 1(b) where the major contribution to the resu
Synthetic aperture radar (SAR) can produce high resolution two-dimensional imagery of the ground surface. The improvement in resolution is normally achieved by increasing the bandwidth, so a highresolution SAR usually transmits a wideband chirp signal.

To increase the range resolution beyond the theoretical value of c/2B, where c is signal propagation speed and B is the chirp bandwidth, synthetic waveforms using a burst of narrowband signals have been suggested [1-3]. These waveforms combine the advantages of a stepped-frequency continuous wave (SF-CW) Dacomitinib waveform and a chirp signal waveform without requiring an unrealistically high sampling rate. Such narrowband pulse sequences have many names, including a synthetic wideband signal [4], synthetic bandwidth [2, 5, 6], a stepped chirp signal [7], a stepped frequency train [3, 8, 9], and a frequency-jumped burst [10]. The papers and reports on synthetic wideband waveforms (SWW) have mainly dealt with methods to implement such waveforms [2, 5], and signal processing techniques to reduce the sidelobes and grating lobes [3, 8, 9].

Several methods including nonlinear stepping, linear windowing and spatial variant apodization have also been suggested [4, 7]. However, few studies have reported the actual quality of the SAR images acquired using these synthetic wideband waveforms.The range migration algorithm (RMA) can properly focus a SAR signal without approximations.