For some disorders, such as schizophrenia, adoption studies are also in favor of genetic predisposition. In all of these studies, the underlying hypothesis in favor of genetic predisposition

is that people who share a greater proportion of alleles have a higher probability of manifesting the disease in their lifetimes. Monozygotic #BKM120 concentration keyword# twins share 100% of their alleles; siblings and dizygotic twins share 50% of their alleles; first cousins share an eighth of their alleles. Therefore, for a complex disease with genetic predisposition, the probability of developing the disease is greater in a monozygotic twin of an affected individual, less in a sibling of an affected individual, and Inhibitors,research,lifescience,medical even less in a first cousin. The fact that the inheritance pattern of these disorders is not mendelian renders the use of parametric linkage

analysis difficult or impossible, since these studies require a fixed mode of inheritance. Second, the phenotype may be uncertain. This is clearly evident Inhibitors,research,lifescience,medical in the psychiatric disorders in which the diagnoses are based only on clinical criteria. The danger of misdiagnosis, or misclassification, is therefore considerable. In addition, the age of onset of a phenotype is variable even within the same family; this makes it difficult to categorize unaffected individuals as truly lifetime unaffected. A further problem is that there is likely genetic heterogeneity in affected individuals within the same family. This is because most of these disorders are common and it is Inhibitors,research,lifescience,medical therefore possible to have affected individuals due to the contribution of mutant alleles of different genes. For example, it is not unusual to find individuals with breast cancer not related Inhibitors,research,lifescience,medical to

the BRCA1 gene belonging to families with well-documented BRCA1-related breast cancer. After all, breast cancer is common since it affects approximately 10% of females in their lifetime. Third, it is possible that each of the predisposing Suplatast tosilate mutant alleles has a minor effect on the phenotype and that several mutant alleles from different genes in concert result in a pathological phenotype. In addition, most of the predisposing mutant alleles may be common polymorphic variants in the population. Unlike the successes of the monogenic disorders, we know of very few mutant alleles that predispose to common, complex polygenic disorders. Such examples include the APOE4 allele, which predisposes to Alzheimer’s disease,18 and factor V Leiden, which predisposes to deep venous thrombosis.19 The most important challenge to the genetic medicine in the next decade is certainly to uncover the mutant alleles that predispose to the complex common disorders.