(C) 2009 IBRO. Published by Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.”
“Neurodegeneration and signs of immune activation, with T cell infiltration, major histocompatibility complex class II expression and glial activation, occur in many neurological diseases. Although particular qualities of the inflammatory response have been proposed to be of importance, still very little is known about the exact factors

that determine susceptibility Silmitasertib to neurodegeneration. Mechanistic studies have yielded conflicting results, where inflammation is suggested both to attenuate and aggravate loss of nerve cells depending on the circumstances. In this context experimental genetic dissection in relevant rodent models such as experimental autoimmune see more encephalomyelitis and mechanical nerve injury can be a valuable tool to identify important genes/molecules/pathways.

We here review emerging evidence using this approach that indicates different pathways related both to adaptive and local innate immune responses, which determine strain-specific susceptibility to neuroimmune inflammation and neurodegeneration. Exact positioning of genes in these types of complex traits will be important for the understanding of pathogenetic mechanisms and to direct the focus of functional studies using classical experimental tools. Ultimately, a better knowledge about the Carteolol HCl interplay

between the nervous system and the local and systemic immune system can define new ways of intervention in neurodegenerative processes. (C) 2009 Published by Elsevier Ltd on behalf of IBRO.”
“Inflammation plays a central role in the pathophysiology of numerous disorders of the nervous system, but is also pivotal for repair processes like peripheral nerve regeneration. In this review we summarize recent advances in cellular magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) while nuclear imaging methods to visualize neuroinflammation are covered by Wunder et al. [Wunder A, Klohs J, Dirnagl U (2009) Noninvasive imaging of central nervous system inflammation with nuclear and optical imaging. Neuroscience, in press]. Use of iron oxide-contrast agents allows assessment of inflammatory processes in living organisms. Upon systemic application, circulating small (SPIO) and ultrasmall particles of iron oxide (USPIO) are preferentially phagocytosed by monocytes before clearance within the reticuloendothelial system of the liver, spleen and lymph nodes.