(A and C) Representative side populations (SP) were identified in the P3 gate on the flow cytometry profile after the cells were stained with Hoechst 33342, (B https://www.selleckchem.com/products/Trichostatin-A.html and D): The SP cells in both HCC cells and fetal liver cells disappeared (0.0%) when cells are treated with 50 μM verapamil. (E-H) Analysis of stem cell marker expression on the surfaces

of SP and Selleckchem 3-Methyladenine non-SP cells. The number within each histogram represents the percentage of CD90.1 positive cells. (I-K) Quantitative analysis of AFP and CK-7 genes expression applied to sorted SP cells and non-SP cells by using Real-time RT-PCR. Data were normalized by using GAPDH housekeeping gene as endogenous control. (* P < 0.05, ** P < 0.01). (L-M) Western-blotting analysis of AFP and CK-7 protein expression in SP cells and non-SP cells. The relative expressions of protein were calculated through comparing with GAPDH protein. SP cells are enriched for markers of HSCs To examine whether SP cells are enriched for characteristics

of stem cells compared to the non-SP cells, we further characterized the SP cells from the fetal liver cells and HCC cells by analyzing the presence of markers known to be expressed commonly on the surface of HSCs. FACS analysis showed that CD90.1 positive SB-715992 cell line cells made up 45% ± 2.7% of total SP from fetal liver cells, and 37% ± 2.1% of total SP from HCC cells. In contrast, only 0.1% ± 0.0% (fetal liver cells) and 0.8% ± 0.1% (HCC cells) were CD90.1 positive cells in non-SP fractions (Figure 1E-H). We next quantitatively compared the expression of AFP and CK-7 genes between sorted SP cells and non-SP cells. Real-time RT-PCR analysis revealed that AFP and CK-7 click here mRNA level

in SP from the fetal liver cells were increased 4.3-fold and 1.9-fold, respectively compared to non-SP (Figure 1I). Similarly, in SP from the HCC cells, they were increased 3.6-fold and 2.7-fold, respectively (Figure 1J). Furthermore, the differentially gene expressing profile of AFP and CK-7 in sorted SP cells and non-SP cells also confirmed by using western-blotting analysis. As shown in Figure, the relative expression of AFP and CK-7 were 0.84 ± 0.10, 0.53 ± 0.01 in SP from the fetal liver cells. While they were only 0.20 ± 0.08 and 0.18 ± 0.05 in non-SP cells (Figure 1L). Similar results also could be seen in HCC cells group (SP: 1.17 ± 0.0.14, 0.47 ± 0.10; non-SP: 0.35 ± 0.12, 0.16 ± 0.04) (Figure 1M). These results indicate that the SP fraction appeared to be enriched with HSCs or LCSCs. miRNAs are differentially expressed in SP of fetal liver cells and HCC cells To identify specific miRNAs that might function in neoplastic transformation of liver cancer stem cells, we analyzed global miRNA expression using miRCURY LNA Array that covered all microRNAs in miRBase. Slides were scanned using an Agilent G2565BA Microarray Scanner System and image analysis was carried out with ImaGene 7.0 software (BioDiscovery).