750, P < 0.001, effect size(η2) = 0.563] and group [F(1,13) = 5.402, P = 0.037, effect size(η2) = 0.294]. Reductions in strength (expressed as a percentage of pre-exercise

strength) persisted for 7 days and were approximately 21% lower 24 hours post-exercise (P < 0.001), 14% lower 48 hours after (P < 0.01), 16% lower 72 hours into recovery (P < 0.01), 13% lower 96 GW-572016 mw hours after (P = 0.03), and 7% lower day 7 into recovery (Figure 1). Reductions in strength (significant up to 96 hours post-exercise) were also observed in the WPH supplemented group, albeit smaller reductions than in the CHO group. As such, a significant group by time interaction was group was observed [F(8,104) = 1.854, P = 0.039, effect size(η2) = 0.125], with subsequent post-hoc analysis revealing higher isometric knee strength in the WPH group compared to the CHO group 3 days (P = 0.03) and 7 days (P = 0.009) following the resistance exercise session (Figure 1), with a strong tendency also at 4 days (P < 0.08). Figure 1 Effect of CHO and WPH on isometric knee extension muscle strength after exercise-induced muscle damage. Data (mean ± SE) represents isometric knee extension muscle strength expressed as a percentage of pre-exercise strength taken during the 14 days recovery. * represents (p < 0.05) difference between groups Isokinetic Knee Strength Pre-exercise absolute

selleck compound values for isokinetic knee extension strength were 234 ± 18 Nm and 238 ± 9 Nm for CHO and WPH groups, respectively eFT-508 solubility dmso and were not significantly different. Univariate analysis revealed a significant main effect for time [F(3.6,43.2) = 21.897, P < 0.001, effect size(η2) = 0.646]. Similar to isometric strength, reductions in isokinetic knee extension strength (expressed as a percentage of pre-exercise strength) persisted for 7 days and were approximately 16% lower 24 hours post-exercise (P < 0.001), 20% (P < 0.001), 18% (P < 0.0001), and 11% (P < 0.01)

lower 48 hours, 72 hours, and 96 hours into recovery, respectively, and 7% lower at day 7 (Figure 2). A moderate trend towards significance for group was identified [F(1,12) = 3.379, P = 0.091, effect size(η2) = 0.220], indicating that the Adenylyl cyclase reductions in strength also observed in the WPH group at the same time points of recovery were generally smaller than in the CHO group (Figure 2). Figure 2 Effect of CHO and WPH on isokinetic knee extension muscle strength after exercise-induced muscle damage. Data (mean ± SE) represents isokinetic knee extension muscle strength expressed as a percentage of pre-exercise strength taken during the 14 days recovery. Pre-exercise absolute values for isokinetic knee flexion strength were 132 ± 8 Nm and 138 ± 5 Nm for CHO and WPH groups, respectively and were not significantly different. There was no significant main effect for time on the isokinetic knee flexion strength, indicating no significant change from pre-exercise strength values (Figure 3).