25, 26 Kan et al.26 proposed that SOX1 suppresses β-catenin-mediated TCF/LEF signaling by interacting with β-catenin to promote neurogenesis. These results suggest that SOX family member exertion of their functions through manipulation of Wnt signaling is a common tactic.

In previous studies, we identified that SOX1 was hypermethylated in cervical and ovarian cancers.27, 28 Moreover, we CT99021 research buy recently demonstrated that SOX1 and secreted frizzled-related proteins were concomitantly hypermethylated in HCC tissues by QMS-PCR analysis (unpublished data). These results suggest that Wnt antagonists might be attenuated or shut down simultaneously during the progression of HCC. However, the expression and functional role of SOX1 in the development of HCC are not selleck screening library clear. In this study, our data demonstrated that SOX1 was frequently downregulated through promoter hypermethylation. Furthermore, ectopic expression of SOXl led to significant repression of HCC growth, which is mediated through interaction with β-catenin,

thereby interfering with the Wnt signaling pathway. These results indicate SOX1 to be a novel tumor suppressor in hepatocarcinogenesis. Eight HCC cell lines (SK-Hep-1, HepG2, Hep3B, Huh6, Huh7, HA22T, TONG, and Mahlavu) were used in this study. Sixty paired HCC samples, including HCC tissues and DNA and RNA samples, were provided by the Taiwan Liver Cancer Network (TLCN). The TLCN is funded by the National Science Council to provide researchers in Taiwan with primary liver cancer tissues

and their associated clinical information (Supporting Table 1). The use of the 60 HCC tissues, paired nontumor parts, and hepatic hemangioma tissues (as control livers) in this study was approved by our Institutional Review Board and the TLCN User Committee. Bisulfite conversion and quantitative methylation-specific polymerase chain reaction (QMS-PCR) were performed as described.29, 30 The primer sequence for QMS-PCR has been described.30 All QMS-PCR data were obtained selleck products from at least three independent modifications of DNA to ensure reproducibility. RNA isolation and RT-PCR were performed according to the manufacturer’s protocol. Complementary DNA was amplified via PCR with primers specific for SOX1.27 Quantitative RT-PCR analysis was performed based on our previous report.29 Detailed information is given in the Supporting Information. HCC cells transfected with vector or SOX1 were injected subcutaneously into the left and right flanks of 6-week-old nonobese diabetic/severe combined immunodeficiency (NOD/SCID) mice. For the tet-on system, NOD/SCID mice were injected with Hep3B cells and randomly divided into two groups, with or without 0.2 μg/mL doxycycline (DOX) administration in 5% sucrose drinking water. The tumor volume was calculated as 0.