Lea J, et al. Arch Intern Med. 2005;165:947–53. (Level 4) 16. Halbesma N, et al. J Am Soc Nephrol. 2006;17:2582–90. (Level 4) 17. Jafar TH, et al. Kidney Int. 2001;60:1131–40. (Level 1) Is CKD a risk factor for CVD? ESKD patients are known to be at increased risk of CVD. Earlier intervention for CKD has been recognized as more important for the prevention of CVD. A scientific statement entitled, “Kidney Disease as a Risk Factor for the Development of Cardiovascular Disease” prompted heightened attention to CVD as a complication resulting in
evidence that the early stage of CKD as well as ESKD are both risk factors for CVD. GFR decline Epoxomicin in vitro is correlated to the risk of CVD, coronary disease, myocardial infarction, heart failure, atrial fibrillation, stroke, admission, mortality from CVD and total death. Proteinuria GW786034 order and albuminuria also increase the risk. Several check details large-scale observational studies using a normal population in Japan have also indicated CKD to be a risk factor for CVD. Bibliography 1. Kannel WB, et al. Am Heart J. 1984;108:1347–52. (Level 4) 2. Damsgaard EM, et al. BMJ. 1990;300:297–300.
(Level 4) 3. Sarnak MJ, et al. Circulation. 2003;108:2154–269. (Level 1) 4. Keith DS, et al. Arch Intern Med. 2004;164:659–63. (Level 4) 5. Go AS, et al. N Engl J Med. 2004;351:1296–305. (Level 4) 6. Ninomiya T, et al. Kidney Int. 2005;68:228–36. (Level 4) 7. Anavekar NS, et al. N Engl J Med. 2004;351:1285–95. (Level 4) 8. Fox CS, et al. Circulation. 2010;121:357–65. (Level 4) 9. Kottgen A, et al. J Am Soc Nephrol. 2007;18:1307–15. (Level 4) 10. Brugts JJ, et al. Arch Intern Med. 2005;165:2659–65. (Level 4) 11. Nitsch D, et al. Am J Kidney Dis. 2011;57:664–72. (Level 4) 12. Brown JH, et al. Nephrol Dial Transplant. 1994;9:1136–42. (Level 4) 13. Horio
T, et al. J Hypertens. 2010;28:1738–44. (Level 4) 14. Nakayama M, et al. Nephrol Dial Transplant. 2007;22:1910–5. (Level 4) 15. Weiner DE, et al. J Am Soc Nephrol. 2007;18:960–6. (Level 4) 16. Ovbiagele B. J Neurol Sci. 2011;301:46–50. (Level 4) 17. Drey N, et al. Arachidonate 15-lipoxygenase Am J Kidney Dis. 2003;42:677–84. (Level 4) 18. Irie F, et al. Kidney Int. 2006;69:1264–71. (Level 4) 19. Nakamura K, et al. Circ J. 2006;70:954–9. (Level 4) 20. Ninomiya T, et al. Circulation. 2008;118:2694–701. (Level 4) 21. Kokubo Y, et al. Stroke. 2009;40:2674–9. (Level 4) Is the prognosis determined by the definition and classification of CKD (KDIGO 2011)? The definition and classification of CKD (NKF-KDOQI) were first proposed in 2002 and have not been revised since 2009, hence their current validity requires discussion as 8.4 and 12.9 % of the population in the United States and Japan, respectively, are diagnosed as CKD on the basis of that definition. Several meta-analyses have shown significant correlation between CKD staging and prognosis.