017) (Table 3). In addition, those making HRIPD visits had a higher likelihood of being seen by a physician (P<0.001). HRIPD visits also received more diagnostic tests (P<0.001), but fewer procedures (P=0.019). Notably, 15.5% of

HRIPD visits received HIV serology testing, which included testing based on clinical suspicion of HIV infection and/or testing based on potential occupational/nonoccupational exposure. HRIPD visits were also prescribed Ku-0059436 concentration more medications in the ED. The most frequently prescribed medications for HRIPD visits were antimicrobials (44.5%), of which 82.0% were antibiotics and 32.1% were antiretrovirals. Approximately one-seventh of HRIPD visits received antiretroviral prescriptions (Table 3). In terms of disposition, HRIPD visits had significantly longer durations of ED stay and a higher likelihood of hospital admission. Further analysis identified age, gender, race, insurance type, US region of ED, fever as RFV, and visits requiring

‘emergent/urgent’ care as also being associated with admission. Multivariate analysis adjusted for these covariates showed that HRIPD visits were 7.67 times more likely hypoxia-inducible factor pathway to lead to hospitalization than non-HRIPD visits (Table 4). Even after excluding those HRIPD visits with HIV serology testing and without antiretroviral therapy being administered (i.e. visits of patients presumed to have been newly identified as HIV infected), HRIPD visits were still significantly more likely to result in hospitalization (OR 7.24). The temporal changes in ED utilization by HRIPD visits in the three study periods are summarized in Table 5. The proportion of HRIPD visits that required ‘emergent/urgent’ care increased significantly

with time (Table 5), as did the proportion of non-HRIPD visits requiring such care (48.5% in 1993–1996, 68.1% in 1997–2000, and 64.1% in 2001–2005; P<0.001). The wait time to be seen by a provider decreased from the second to the third period (P=0.003). The proportions of HRIPD visits seen by attending physicians or by registered nurses (RNs) and/or licensed practical nurses (LPNs) differed over the three periods of observation (P=0.023 and 0.033, respectively). From 1997 to 2005, the number of diagnostic tests that patients Sulfite dehydrogenase with HRIPD received, including complete blood count determinations, increased significantly. From 1993 to 2005, the proportion of HRIPD visits where patients were given intravenous fluids also differed with time. Notably, 12.2% of HRIPD visits only had HIV/AIDS as their ED discharge diagnosis. Among all HRIPD visits, a substantial proportion had infectious diseases (42.2%; 95% CI 33.1–51.2) as co-diagnoses. Of these infectious diseases, pneumonia (25.1%; 95% CI 16.7–33.5) and OIs (16.7%; 95% CI 10.5–22.9) were the most common co-diagnoses. HRIPD visits accounted for approximately half a million ED visits in the USA over the 13 years of observation.