T4 top agar and T4 plates were used for all titrations and experiments using phage. Plaque forming units (PFU) were counted by examining bacterial lawns following overnight incubation at 37°C. T4-OMV assays 106 T4 phage were co-incubated with 1 μg WT OMVs in 5 mL LB (2 h, 37°C).

Following the incubation, 100 μL of the solution was mixed with VX-680 in vivo 100 μL of a stationary phase culture of MK496 then mixed with 4 mL of a T4 top agar solution (3 mL T4 top agar, 1 mL LB) and after 5 min at 25°C, plated on a T4 plate. To determine the effect of OMVs on T4 chloroform resistance, 13 identical samples were prepared, each containing OMVs (1 μg) and 5 mL of LB media containing 106 T4. Chloroform (200 μL) (Mallinckrodt Chemical) was added to the first sample immediately upon gentle mixing, and to each of the other 12 samples at intervals every 5 min until 60 min.

Following a 30 min incubation with the chloroform, at 37°C the samples were diluted and titered on MK496 to determine PFU as described above. The PFU titer of each sample was divided by the PFU produced by incubations with 106 T4 (% PFU Remaining). For 60 minute incubations, MK496 cultures (5 mL) were grown to an OD600 of 0.5-0.6, click here centrifuged (4100 g, 10 min, 4°C), supernatant was removed, and pellets resuspended in the following 5 mL LB preparations using gentle pipetting: 106 T4 alone, 1 μg WT OMV alone, 105 T4 phage alone, or 106 T4 that had been preincubated with 1 μg WT OMV (2 ATM Kinase Inhibitor h, 37°C). Cultures were allowed to grow for 1 h at 37°C, then diluted, if necessary. A portion (200 μL) of each sample was mixed with T4 top agar and plated as described above. As MK496 was already present in the samples, they did not need to be mixed with fresh cells for titration. The PFU of each sample was divided by the PFU resulting from the incubation with 106 T4 (% PFU Remaining). Electron microscopy In advance, 400 mesh copper grids with carbon films deposited on them (Electron Microscopy Sciences, #CF400-cu) were cleaned via glow discharge for 1.5 min on a Harrick Plasma Cleaner (PDC-32G). Samples were prepared by applying 10 μL to the grid (103

T4 phage along with 0.001 μg WT OMVs in DPBSS) and incubated 2 min, grids were then washed with 5 drops of 1% aqueous uranyl acetate Pomalidomide concentration (Electron Microscopy Sciences). The last drop was left to incubate on the grid for 1.5 min before being wicked off by torn filter paper. Grids were left to dry for 5 min before being viewed on a Tecnai 12 by FEI with a 1024 × 1024 Gatan Multi-Scan Camera model 794. Statistics Error bars throughout the figures refer to standard error for all experiments. Asterisks in figures indicate significance as measured by Student’s T-test assuming equal variance: *p ≤ 0.05, **p ≤ 0.001, and ***p ≤ 0.0005, n ≥ 6; n values for each experiment are indicated in each figure legend. Each n is an independent experiment done in at least duplicate on different days.