132 In extrinsic disorders, such as jet lag and shift work, the unnatural temporal demands of modern society impose on a completely normal circadian and sleep-wake physiology to produce such impairments. For some individuals, such as airline flight crew, the jet lag problem may be chronic and severe. Jet lag could produce dysphoria, anergia, apathy, sleep disturbances, increased

irritability, anxiety, and psychosomatic disturbances, ie, symptoms overlapping depressive disorders. The possibility of a connection between jet lag and Inhibitors,research,lifescience,medical psychiatric disorders has been postulated.133 Clinical and pathophysiological indications suggest that jet lag is a Inhibitors,research,lifescience,medical possible trigger in the exacerbation of existing affective disorders and in the appearance of de novo mood disturbances in predisposed persons. Depressive symptoms are more frequent subsequent to flights from east to west,134 supporting the phase-advance hypothesis for depression.135 In the other sense, eastbound flights, which can be see as a kind of sleep deprivation, can precipitate mania.136 Inhibitors,research,lifescience,medical Psychotic symptoms occurring during

long-distance trips (referred to as “travel paranoia”) have been also reported in the literature.137 The most plausible explanation is that longdistance flights, which involve abrupt environmental changes, can represent a severe crisis situation for predisposed individuals. However, circadian rhythm abnormalities

have not received much attention in studies of psychosis, and conclusions in this field are inconsistent. Individuals engaged Inhibitors,research,lifescience,medical in shift work experience disturbed sleep and excessive sleepiness due to the fact that their behavioral sleep-wake schedules are out of phase and often in direct opposition to their endogenous Inhibitors,research,lifescience,medical circadian rhythms. In a recent large study that aimed to determine the prevalence and consequences of shift work sleep disorder in a sample of rotating and permanent night workers, Drake et al138 showed greater rates of buy Rapamycin depression and somatic diseases (gastrointestinal ulcers and cardiovascular diseases), elevated work absenteeism, impaired social and domestic aspects of quality of life, and more accidents, mainly related to symptoms of insomnia or daytime sleepiness. These findings are in accordance with previous studies Carnitine palmitoyltransferase II showing copious behavioral, health, and social morbidity associated with shift work.139-141 In intrinsic disorders, the pathology of the circadian system itself is responsible for the symptoms. DSPS is characterized by sleep onset and wake times, which are delayed in comparison to conventional sleep-wake times. Enforced ”conventional“ wake times may result in chronically insufficient sleep and excessive daytime sleepiness, and can be associated with irritability and poor performance.