We collected current CIDI-SF diagnoses (past 12 months) of major depression, panic attacks, and generalized anxiety disorder (GAD). Cigarette selleck compound Smoking Detailed smoking histories for each subject were ascertained. Pack-years of smoking was calculated by determining the number of years each participant had been a ��regular smoker,�� multiplying by the ��average number of cigarettes smoked per day�� and dividing by 20. Demographic Characteristics We assessed age, gender, race (White, Black, Other), marital status (married, separated/divorced/widowed, never married), and education (less than high school, high school graduate or equivalent, some college, college graduate, or greater) as potential confounders.

Analytic Strategy First, the distribution of respiratory disease, mental disorders, smoking status, and demographic characteristics across categories of frequency of child abuse was assessed using the Rao�CScott chi-square F tests for independence. The Rao�CScott chi-square is a design-adjusted version of the Pearson chi-square test. For two-way tables, the null hypothesis is no association between the row and column variables. Second, a series of bivariate and multivariate logistic regressions were used to investigate the odds of respiratory disease given sets of covariates. Child physical abuse was entered first and modeled as a series of dummy variables with never abused the reference category. Next we adjusted for demographic differences between participants. Demographics were modeled categorically as indicated above except age, which was entered continuously.

To assess whether smoking mediated the relationship between childhood physical abuse and adult respiratory disease, our third model adjusted for pack-years of smoking, which was divided into four categories: never smoked regularly and tertiles of pack-years among those that ever smoked regularly. Last we adjusted for depression, GAD, and panic attacks to assess whether these disorders additionally mediated the association between childhood physical abuse and adult respiratory disease; they were modeled as binary indicator variables. Results Bivariate Associations of Childhood Abuse With Respiratory Disease, Mental Disorders, and Cigarette Smoking Among Adults in the Community Table 1 shows the weighted distribution of respiratory disease, major depression, GAD, panic attacks, and pack-years of smoking by level of childhood physical abuse.

Individuals Entinostat who reported childhood abuse often had an increased prevalence of respiratory disease (19.4% vs. 11.4%, p = .04), major depression (27.8% vs. 12.7%, p < .0001), GAD (12.4% vs. 2.3%, p < .0001), and panic attacks (14.1% vs. 4.7%, p < .0001) compared with individuals who never experienced childhood abuse. There was a positive association between mean pack-years of smoking and frequency of childhood abuse. Table 1.