Regarding this, studies that allude to hormesis-primarily the pioneering work of Southam and Ehrlich [1]-often come

from that experimental context, and the insistence in homoeopathy on the use of “”natural”" extracts (i.e. without purifying) leads to similar situations. The presents work Wnt inhibitor examines another source of anomalous DR responses, even to a single effector, related to the population dynamics of the target organism. The first group of experimental results analysed herein was obtained by studying a time-course of the response to two antimicrobial peptides (nisin and pediocin bacteriocins) by L. mesenteroides and C. piscicola respectively (the first is a bacteria commonly used as an indicator in the bioassay of bacteriocins and the second is a common parasite Pitavastatin datasheet of fish. The second group of experiments was carried out for comparison and involved a classic antiseptic, phenol, against the same selleck chemicals llc microorganisms. In three of the six cases studied, we detected different types of anomalous

profiles, only some of which can be classified as hormesis. All, however, can be formally described in the frame of the classic DR theory, treated in the dynamic terms that we propose here. These terms facilitate the distinction between genuinely hormetic phenomena and other situations able to generate similar biphasic DR profiles. Finally, from a practical point of view, the results suggest that we should be cautious about use of bacteriocins as antimicrobials in the preservation of foodstuffs. Results Figures 1, 2, 3 and 4 show the responses of L. mesenteroides and C. piscicola to nisin and pediocin respectively, in a wide dose domain, at different temperatures and times (although we tested 10 exposure times, these Figures only show 6 representative Non-specific serine/threonine protein kinase cases to avoid redundancies). Furthermore, examples of growth kinetics using data of nisin effect on L. mesenteroides at three temperatures are depicted in Additional file 1. Despite the apparent heterogeneity of the DR profiles detected (Figure 1, Figure 2,

Figure 3 and Figure 4), the results showed several interesting regularities: Figure 1 Response of L. mesenteroides to nisin. Graphic representation of L. mesenteroides inhibition growth (R) to nisin (D: dose in mg/l) at different temperatures (from top to bottom: 23, 30, 37°C) and specified exposure times. Experimental results (points) and fittings (lines) to the models (A1) or (A2). For clarity, doses are represented in logarithmic scale, and confidence intervals (in all the cases less than 5% of the experimental mean value; α = 0.05; n = 4) are omitted. Figure 2 Response of L. mesenteroides to nisin at 30°C and long exposure times. Graphic representation of L. mesenteroides inhibition to nisin at 30°C and long time-course.